Demographic studies changes in vast areas
Eurasian steppe in bronze and iron ages continue.
This area has been inhabited. different nomadic populations,
who had a significant impact on cultural development
both in Asia and in Europe.
The most famous of the western Eurasian groups are
representatives of the pit culture.
Past genomic studies revealed significant migrations
nomadic people connected with pit bronze culture
century, across Eurasia, about 5 thousand years ago.
Caucasian migrations brought components in later
European populations.
Also in central europe pit culture was the ancestor
cultures of battle axes, named for distinctive
tradition to put in men burial stone axes.
Followed by genetic traces of pit culture were
found in many subsequent ancient and modern populations.
However, the Black Sea-Caspian the steppe was crucial
not only for migration Early Bronze Age
but also for subsequent movements and demographic transformations
in the Late Bronze and Iron centuries, between 1800 BC
and 400 AD
This period covers ethnocultural development
associations of log cultural and historical community and alakulskogo
Andronov variant culture, about 1800-1200 years.
BC e. associated with small settlements from the Urals to
Dnieper Upland.
And from about 1000 BC. er in the western part of the Black Sea-Caspian
steppes began to appear Pre-Scythian nomadic groups
including Cimmerians, famous of historical
sources.
Despite regional differences and local characteristics
Cimmerians were not connected with homogeneous types of archaeological
material cultures.
In the seventh century before our their eras were replaced by the Scythians, who
forced out the Cimmerians to Anatolia.
Between 700 and 300 BC. er Scythians representing cattle breeding,
nomadic groups of new militarized type dominated in the Black Sea-Caspian
and the Kazakh steppe, occupying the area from Altai to the Carpathians.
However, around 300 BC their positions are significant
reeled due to gain hostile relations with
Macedonians in the west and invasions of the Sarmatians from the east.
Sarmatians and Scythians are believed coexisted for
several centuries but eventually happened
the fall of the Scythians under pressure Sarmatians.
Sarmatians are believed to have consisted from a number of similar nomadic
groups, they became the most influential political
force on the eastern fringes Roman Empire in those times.
And the fall of the Sarmatians was connected with the attack ready,
about 400 AD, and subsequent the invasion of the Huns.
However, population interactions nomads Black Sea-Caspian
the steppes among themselves remain insufficiently studied.
In the next study scientists studied genetic
era population data late bronze - log
Alakul cultures and nomads Iron Age - Cimmerians,
Scythians and Sarmatians who lived from 1900 BC 400 AD
Srubna representatives and alakul cultures,
endured haplogroups mtDNA associated with western
Eurasians, including H, K1, J1, U2, U4, U5 and T2.
And Cimmerians, Scythians and Sarmatians additionally transferred
mtDNA haplogroups related with Central Asia and the Far
East, like A, C, D and M.
The lack of earlier, than nomads representatives
carcass and alakul cultures, East Asian Haplogroups
mtDNA indicates that these lines brought
nomads of iron to the region century, starting with the Cimmerians.
A haplogroup Y chromosome 17 out of 18 men were limited
two subclades haplogroup "R".
Srubna representatives and alakul cultures,
bore Y-chromosomal haplogroup R1a which
was widespread in the bronze age in that
including in the expanses of Siberia.
But the nomads of iron centuries bore Y-chromosomal
characteristic haplogroup R1b for pit culture.
It is also interesting that one of the Cimmerians, endured
Y chromosomal haplogroup Q, characteristic of the eastern
populations and american indians
Here again I remind you that do not confuse haplogroup
mitochondrial DNA with haplogroups of the Y chromosome.
Genetic relationship between steppe nomads and
modern populations
Using the main method component researchers
determined that representatives carcass and alakul cultures,
were genetically close to modern northern
and northeastern Europeans.
And Cimmerians who lived there on the border of the bronze
and the Iron Ages, were already less homogeneous and difficult
in a group compared to modern populations with small
sampling.
Scythians from the Northern Steppes Black Sea showed
also significant variety.
They can be divided into 4 different groups:
1.
North European Cluster, 3 people attributed to him
showing proximity to northern european populations.
2
South European Cluster, it includes 4 people
who were genetically close with South European populations.
3
Steppe cluster, carried here 3 more representatives of the Scythians
which were separated between Hungarians, Finns,
Mordovians, Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians and Adygei,
Chechens, Kumyks.
Simply put - residents North Caucasus.
Also in this cluster hit: one man
and alakul sample from Kyzburun Kabardino-Balkaria,
One Cimmerian and all Sarmatians.
four.
Central cluster - to he is assigned a group of
three Scythians who are genetically located between previous
two clusters, namely between steppe and south european.
Representatives of this group were closer to modern
Bulgarians, Greeks, Croats and the Turks.
Also one of the Scythians is not showed genetic intimacy
with modern western eurasian populations however was
closer to East Asian.
It is worth noting here that genetic proximity
not to be confused with geographic.
Also note that in some caught the eyes of the Russian-speaking
reviews were the conclusions that that Sarmatians and some
Scythians showed a genetic similarity with the Finno-Ugric
Mordovians and residents North Caucasus.
This is not entirely true because similarity and position
on the graph between these populations
not the same thing.
Many different modern populations are much closer
genetically to each other, than Scythians with Sarmatians to
Mordovtsy and Russian.
Genetic links between carcass, alakulsky cultures
and other ancient populations
In the Bronze Age in Eurasia serious things happened
migration processes which are not without
demographic and cultural changes.
Log and Alakul culture just come from the vast
cultural intersection in the forest-steppe zone of the Volga region,
from the Volga to the Urals and from the North Dumps to
Caspian lowlands.
They are genetically close to Andronov populations
cultural historical community from the Black Sea-Caspian
and Kazakh steppes.
And also with other European groups, including representatives
cultures of battle axes, Unity and culture
bell-shaped cups.
Globally, a log cabin and alakul culture
genetically located between Europeans average
stone age settling down especially closer to Eastern European
hunter-gatherers and Middle Eastern populations
Stone Age.
They were also closer to Scythians than other groups
Iron Age.
Also the test showed that population of log and Alakul
cultures formed one branch along with sintashtinskoy,
Andronovskaya and Afanasyevskaya cultures except
some persons from the log cabin.
The results also showed what srubnaya and alakulskaya
cultures formed I put together with the pit, except
other bronze populations centuries of modern: Russia,
Armenia, Jordan and Hungary.
In addition, the average indicators and conditional nucleotide
diversity among populations have shown that genetic
variety was the most high in the logging populations
and alakul cultures from South Ural region
in the Late Bronze Age, compared to all other
populations of Eurasia in bronze century.
The image shows that representatives of the log cabin
and alakul cultures consisted from 2 main components:
a) western and northwest hunters and gatherers
(orange), which also found in modern
North European populations; b) Caucasian hunter-gatherers
(olive color) in modern populations this component
occurs in southern Asians.
But the component from the Neolithic groups which in modern
populations found in the Middle East (dark red),
makes up a small proportion in the log and alakul
populations compared with bronze populations
century in Europe.
Genetic links between nomads of iron
century and other ancient populations
Cimmerians
In the X century BC. er during the period transition from bronze
to the Iron Age in the Black Sea-Caspian steppes appear Cimmerians.
One of the Cimmerians from of this study was
closer to the steppe cluster together with the Sarmatians,
three Scythians and one representative Srubna-Alakul culture.
Other Cimmerians were close to some residents
Altai Iron Age, and also to individuals from aldy bel
Culture and Zevakino-Chilikta East Kazakhstan
and Western Mongolia.
Cimmerians, unlike Scythians and Sarmatians, more
differed with populations Bronze Age Eurasian
steppe compared to the log cabin and alakul cultures.
Cimmerians shared even more gene drift
with far eastern population Karasuk culture
compared to closer geographically, by population
carcass and alakul cultures, which may indicate
the existence of "Kimmerian-Karasuk cultural and historical community. "
The results also showed higher genetic
diversity among the Cimmerians compared to populations
log and alakul cultures.
Analysis of genetic impurities showed that the Cimmerians
tolerated mainly components from northwest
hunter-gatherers and Caucasian hunter-gatherers,
as well as representatives of Srubna, however besides these components
there were other related with modern middle eastern
populations (dark red), northeast asian
(dark green) and southeast Asian populations (blue).
In the process of developing Cimmerians their number increased
impurities associated with modern Middle Eastern populations
and related components with modern northeast
and Southeast Asians, decreased.
Results show about more eastern origin
Cimmerians compared with populations of log and
Alakul cultures.
Scythians
Iron Age Scythians were more genetically diverse
compared to groups Bronze Age and formed
four, above, individual cluster.
Just like when comparing with modern populations,
these clusters are different combined with the ancient groups.
So the Scythians belonging to the south european cluster
populations were closer to Hungarians Bronze
and the Iron Age, including Culture Vatya and Chernyakhov.
North European Scythian Cluster populations was close to
Iron Age people from modern montenegro and sweden.
And the Scythians of the steppe cluster in the process of development were grouped
with early Sarmatians and Scythians Iron Age from the territories
modern Hungary.
The analysis also showed that Western Scythians formed
I put together with Andronovo populations excluding carcass
and alakul culture Southern Urals, supporting
version of the Central Asian the origin of the western Scythians.
Sarmatians
At least five representatives Sarmatians and grouped
close to the steppe cluster Scythians, but they also have
high probability of error compared to others
nomads of iron century.
The analysis also showed that Sarmatians formed a clade
together pit, log or Karasuk cultures
except for the Cimmerians.
Also, the results indicate for the presence of a deep overall
pedigree of all nomadic Iron Age related groups
with steppe populations bronze age however
it does not indicate a straight line genetic continuity
between Srubna, Alakul cultures and western Scythians.
findings
Research results show that Cimmerians
were mostly similar to more eastern Sarmatians,
albeit with a lot of Siberian or Northeast
Asian component what constitutes
genetic link between people of the Iron Age
Kazakh steppe.
Like the Ural, log cabin and alakul cultures,
Cimmerians were not straight ancestors of the Scythians in the Black Sea-Caspian
steppe, however, despite on this all these populations
had a common generic gene pool.
The genetic makeup of the Cimmerians changed over time
as evidenced by the reduction northeastern and southeastern
asian components in their later representatives.
And the Scythians who supplanted the Cimmerians, differed as Cimmerians
and from the later Sarmatians.
It was previously noted that Scythians were not homogeneous
across Eurasia, demonstrating clear differences between eastern
and western eurasian in groups.
Unlike Eastern steppe Scythians such as
Pazyryk representatives and aldy belskoy cultures,
which were closely related with pit culture, western
Scythians of the Northern Black Sea Coast were more closely related
with people from Afanasyevo groups and andronovo.
And some Scythians from the west Black Sea-Caspian
steppe in general was not enough south asian and east eurasian
components and they are more likely were similar to populations
from Montenegro in the iron century perhaps pointing
for replacement and assimilation early local groups of Scythians.
One of the late Scythians may have been a
transition between different groups and had a peculiar
similarities with later steppe Sarmatians, confirming
the idea of common steppe genetic shared components
Scythians with Sarmatians, which indicates on physical and social
connection with the South Ural steppe zone maintained
in the western nomadic world.
Some data indicate and on a direct influx of genetic
components from steppe zones of the South Ural region
by the end of the Scythian period in the IV. n er
This may also indicate independent choice
other representatives groups to join those or
other communities by providing with continuous communication
between western suburbs Scythian empire and central
parts of Eurasia, including perhaps, and Altai.
In general, genomic analysis shows that bronze
and Iron Age in the Black Sea-Caspian the steppes were very saturated
and dynamic.
Between 1800 BC and 400 AD in the vast expanses
significant events occurred migration with replacement and assimilation
population that gradually and formed a complex and
heterogeneous demographics region.
Also, the results showed what steppe nomad western
Eurasia are not straight descendants of representatives
log and alakul cultures bronze age though they
and shared with them pedigree items with
impurities of different nations.
Thus, despite on the genetic connections between
by these nations, not one group can not be considered
ancestral for subsequent groups.
Nomadic populations were heterogeneous, and their representatives
were genetically close with several populations
from other regions including South Ural and Far East.
It is possible that the Black Sea-Caspian steppe was like so
called "Mongolian steppe generator of nations ",
in the middle ages, producing western nomadic peoples
Iron Age.
In conclusion, we can say: What is the question:
To whom is genetically closer Scythians or Sarmatians?
Should set the counter question:
And about what exactly skiff or sarmati in question?
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