Hello my dear friends, my name is Arith Härger and today I'm going to talk about the Norse realm of the dead – Hel
What's this place all about, who goes there and what is the entire purpose of such a place
I'm going to present you a couple of written sources,
so we might understand what was the general view our Norse ancestors had about the underworld and the afterlife
But let's make something clear before we start
This is not a video exposing my own personal spiritual beliefs
This is a video showing a more academic approach to the understanding of the concept of the underworld in Norse mythology
I do prefer to make a clear boundary between my personal beliefs and my professional work
So with this being said, let's get started my dear friends
It comes as no surprise that the written sources about Norse myths have a huge Christian influence, especially Catholic
The Prose Edda and the Poetic Edda, and other written sources were created and compiled by Christian individuals
either politicians, scholars, clerical workers working for the church etc.
but such literary sources still retain pagan understandings,
clouded by a Christian world view, obviously,
but still with hints to the pagan Scandinavian understanding of the past
When it comes to the afterlife in the Norse Pagan Understanding, it's a vast reality with multiple possibilities
As Scandinavian societies changed, so did their beliefs
There was the need to recreate and adapt the religious beliefs to the current needs of the society from each specific period
We go from an afterlife with more than 60 possible destinations after death
and as the Scandinavian society progressively becomes more warlike, we are reduced to Valhalla
especially during the Viking Age where Valhalla played an important role in the minds of warriors
Valhalla became a concept to encourage warriors into suicidal advances towards their enemies
Valhalla was for the brave, for warriors only, for those who lived by the sword
and Folkvangr was rarely mentioned
As Scandinavians come closer to other religious realities, they start to adopt them, mainly Christianity
After that the entire afterlife panorama changed even more
Now it wasn't just Valhalla, the warrior "paradise", now there was the need to create duality
As Christianity takes root with their dualistic world view of good and evil, light and darkness
the Scandinavians adopt that duality and Valhalla being in Ásgard, the realm of the Aesir and the supreme ruler god Odin
it's turned into the closest possible thing to a Christian understanding of paradise
Odin was transformed into the Alfather, the creator, in most aspects the equivalent of the Christian God,
so certainly the realm he lived in had to be paradise
But there was never a great emphasis on Ásgard before the conversion
Scandinavians mentioned Valhalla much more, so in the Christian perspective Valhalla was the realm of light, the place to go after death
But since Scandinavians adopted a dualistic world-view,
there was the need to have an opposite, a realm of evil and darkness
So the Norse religious reality became a reality of opposites
There was Valhalla and there was Hel
Don't get me wrong, Hel as a possible destination of the soul already existed
but with Christianity its understanding changed completely
Christians did everything to turn Hel into the Norse equivalent of their Inferno, their Hell
where the forces of evil and darkness dwelt, opposing the forces of light and good
In a span of more or less 1000 years, we go from more than 60 possible destinations upon death
to just two realities – Valhalla and Hel
People of great renown, warriors, and the bravest of the brave,
people with high status that didn't even had to be warriors, they all went to Valhalla
While the rest, those who died in their sleep, in their beds, of old age or sickness
or simply unwanted "scum" of the Norse Society such as murderers and oath breakers
they all went down to Hel
This was what reached us today
Everyone speaks of Valhalla, everyone is eager to go to Valhalla
everyone thinks they are going to Valhalla
But not to Hel, oh no
"A filthy place of darkness where the weak and evil go, hum...."
"That's not for me"
But archaeology tells it differently
but today we are going to focus on the glimpses of paganism in the literary sources that focus on the concept of Hel
which, when compared to archaeological findings, make perfect sense
Just one quick reminder
It's Hel, not Helheim or Helheimr
That's a modern invention
The term is Hel for both the underworld goddess, which seems to serve more as a title rather than a name,
and for the name of the underworld
Simply Hel
Now that we have established that, let's move on
In the poem Fafnismal, it's clear that everyone shall go to Hel
It does not specify if they remain there, but everyone goes through it eventually, there are no exceptions
Now, if we take a look at Gylfaginning, after the death of Baldr
the goddess Frigg asks among the gods who would have the courage to travel down to Hel to rescue Baldr and bring him back to the Aesir
Hermódr is the god who comes forth and travels down to Hel for nine nights
Everything is dark and gloomy about this place
with the exception of the golden bridge crossing over the river Gjöll
The guardian of this bridge, a maiden by the name of Módgudr, is astonished by Hermódr's presence, because he did not had the colour of the dead
he was clearly alive
She tells him that before he arrived there, five companies of warriors passed the bridge and through Hel-Gate
Hermodr moves on, enters the Hel gate and there he finds his brother Baldr, sitting on the highsit of the main Hall
So we have two important aspects here
Warriors go to Hel and also gods upon death
So it's not the same thing as it is described and very emphasised in Late medieval Europe and nowadays,
that Hel is a place for the sick, old, dishonourable, murderers etc.
Those who died by the sword, warriors mostly, also went to Hel, and even a god of the Aesir
So there was no exception as it states in Fafnismal
Everyone eventually goes to Hel,
because it wasn't a place of evil or to suffer for one's crimes, but simply the afterlife in general,
the underworld, and the realm of all the dead
In Gylfaginning, Odin himself points Hel, the goddess, as the ruler of the underworld
and he states that she will have power over all the dead, not just some, but everyone
Saxo Grammaticus who was from a generation before Snorri Sturluson, the composer of the Younger Edda
Saxo described the landscape of Hel in a different manner
Beyond the veil of mist lies Hel, a warm place, with green landscapes where flowers grow when it's winter on earth
He describes the same river, the same bridge and the same Hel gate
but the landscape isn't gloomy or dark, but beautiful to behold
and in there people wearing rich robes, and nobles clad in purple dwell, as well as warriors fighting one another
re-enacting their battles, those who were slain by the sword
Now this is very interesting, because -
as in Saxo's account as well as in Snorri's Gylfaginning, clearly warriors go to Hel, but also nobles
But the interesting part is the colour of their garments – purple
Until contemporary times, before the 19th century
purple was the hardest and most expensive colour to create
Originally it was created in the Phoenician city of Tyre, in the eastern Mediterranean
The purple dye came from a small sea snail
Thousands of snails were needed to create one tiny portion of purple dye
For thousands of years only wealthy rulers could afford to buy purple dye, but even mong royalty it was rare
and in medieval Europe those who often wore purple were the highest members of the church, archbishops and popes
So guess who also went to Hel
the wealthiest members of the society, including the priesthood
So we have two accounts, from two different people and from different geographical realities as well as different generations
Both state that warriors go to Hel and in there they spend much of their time fighting one another
training, re-enacting their battles and keeping their military status
We have other accounts that tell us the same, that warriors go to Hel first
In Gisli Surson's Saga it is mentioned that it was custom to bind Hel-shoes on the feet of the dead warriors
Warriors whose afterlife destination was clearly Valhalla, wore Hel-shoes like everyone else,
meaning that even if warriors were destined for Valhalla, first they had to come to Hel like everyone else
In Egil's Saga, Egil himself in a particular account manages to kill three men who not only were warriors but also King's men
and they go to Hel
King Erik's body-guards instead of going to Valhalla, they go to Hel's high hall
So it seems that warriors, before entering Valhalla, they had to go to Hel and spend some time there, training, fighting one another
the exact same thing they would be doing in Valhalla
Could it be possible that in later times (later in the sense of ancient) Valhalla was actually in Hel?
Makes sense because Hel was seen as simply the underworld, the afterlife, so all other afterlife places were in Hel
in the afterlife itself
Or simply, Hel is a realm and the Halls of Valhalla are Halls for dead warriors in the same place of all the other halls for other dead
But let's not make assumptions yet
It's clear that even though these poems and sagas and mythological accounts were put to parchment by Christians
they lived closer to their heathen ancestors than we will ever do
They understood better the pagan past because Christianity was already spreading but it had not yet take a strong root
enough to wipe out everything from the pagan past
or alter every pagan perspective
It's clear that what reaches us today was greatly modified by Catholic influence but mostly by Protestantism
For instance, Egil, being a Skald from the 10th century, without a doubt knew quite well the mythological views of his fellow-heathen believers
Saxo Grammaticus the same, and even Snorri Sturluson in the 12th and 13th century of Iceland,
all of them wwere closer to the heathen mind than we in our own time
You see, in Iceland during Sturluson's time, Catholicism was already the official religion for at least 200 years
but Catholics lived with heathens in a relatively peace,
and heathen practices were still allowed, and there was a great mixture between the pagan traditions and the Christian traditions
But after Sturluson's time, in the mid-16th century, The Reformation Age, Iceland adopts the Protestant reformation
and both the heathen and Catholic past are wiped out and begin the witch trials
and hunting down every pagan and catholic, everything changes rapidly and turned upside down
So it's possible that at some point to our Norse pagan ancestors Valhalla was just another reality in Hel, in the afterlife
And as things progressively start to change with the passing of the ages in religious terms
Valhalla ceased to be a place in Hel, and became a place somewhere else and Hel was a realm of transition
and then Valhalla was finally placed in Asgard which became the realm equivalent to the Christian Paradise
and Hel became the opposite of paradise
So we have three possible realities representing 3 very specific religious periods, possibly
Valhalla in Hel – The Heathen Period
Hel as a beautiful place of transition before going to Valhalla – The Catholic Period
and Valhalla in Asgard and Hel a place of darkness; The Protestant Period
Now remember, this has nothing to do with my personal spiritual beliefs
This is according to the literary sources and historical periods
To better understand how deep the Christian influences go in the Norse myths, we must make comparisons
There are clear differences between the Poems in the Poetic Edda, and the mythological accounts in Snorri Stuluson's Prose Edda
The Poetic Edda is a compilation of poems from oral tradition put to parchment by Christians
so it clearly has Christian influences but not as much as Snorri's Prose Edda
The poems from the Oral tradition are far older than Snorri's account of the Norse myths
Snorri lived in a time where Catholicism was already the official religion in Iceland for over 200 years
So the understanding of Hel in the poems are clearly the opposite of Hel in the Prose Edda
Let's take a look, shall we?
In the poem Baldrs Draumar, the realm of Hel and its High Hall is described as being a beautiful bright place and the Hall itself is made of costly things
very rich, very bright filled with mead which is poured on goblets for the guests
Also, in the poems, Hel, the goddess, it isn't clear that she is the daughter of Loki
The goddess Hel exists, Loki has a daughter, but it doesn't say that Hel is his daughter and this is a very important aspect
In contrast, in Snorri Sturluson's Prose Edda,
Hel is described as an horrible place, dark, filthy, evil, filled with hunger, famine, the worse sides of death
it's clearly a medieval depiction of Death
while in the Poetic Edda Hel has a greater pagan understanding of death
as being something connected to a life after the death in this world and not as a dreadful end reinforced by the church which could lead to eternal suffering
And unlike the Poetic Edda, in the Prose Edda Snorri states that Hel is the daughter of Loki
because Loki in Christian times became the equivalent of Lucifer, the opposing force to God
Much like Odin, Loki was greatly changed by the Church
In Pagan times Odin and Loki were practically the same
they were neither good nor evil, but just cruel deities with their own agenda, doing both good and evil solely to achieve their purposes
and not for a greater good or to spread evil
They were much more Humane
While in Christian times Odin suddenly becomes a benevolent figure, almost a saviour, a bringer of good and order
while Loki is his opposite, pure evil which in the end will fight against Odin in Ragnarok
just like Lucifer will fight against the forces of God in the Apocalypse
Christianity even goes as far as to compare Heimdallr to the Archangel Michael
Heimdallr is the Guardian and Champion of Asgard, while the Archangel Michael is the Guardian and Champion of Heavens
Loki Fights against Heimdall and both die, and in the bible Lucifer fights against the Archangel Michael
Christianity didn't work very hard to try to hide it, and what for?
asier to find similarities and construct a tale people are familiar with to easily convert them
What is familiar, is easier to accept
There is another problem between the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda concerning the realm of Hel
It seems that in the Poetic Edda, in various poems, Hel, Niflheim and Niflhel, are 3 distinct places, or 3 distinct realities
Niflhel is a cold and dreadful place in the northern part of the underworld
which can either be a reference to Niflheim or a distinct place in the northern part of Niflheim
The Poetic Edda, to be more precise, in the poems Fafnismal and Vaftrudnismal, there is a clear separation between Niflhel and Hel
Some of the dead go to Hel and others pass through Hel to go to Niflhel, which is a very different afterlife place, the two are not the same
But in Snorri's Edda, and after the Icelandic conversion to Catholicism, Hel, Niflhel and Niflheim are the same,
3 realities turned into one single realm of death
Niflhel was indeed a terrible place, and because of the similarities of the name Hel also became a terrible place in the Christian understanding of the underworld
To Christians there was no middle ground, it's either good or evil, bright or dark
I do feel the need to explain these differences to you, because to understand the pagan mind we must not move forward, we must try to go back to the origins
and the further back we go in the literary sources and then all the way to archaeological evidences
we come to understand that the Norse mythology we think we know today, it's a work greatly influenced by Christianity
and that the older sources contain much more of the pagan mind.
So in conclusion about Niflhel and Hel
it seems to our pagan ancestors these were two different realities
Hel being an afterlife reality much more beautiful, much similar to our own world during spring, and in some accounts during autumn
and Niflhel is another destination, dreadful, filled with terrors, serpents and wolves, where people die
Yes, that's right, in Hel you go after death, but you live in there, while in Niflhel you die
This is very clear in the Poem Voluspa
if you go from Hel to Niflhel, you die, much the same way you go from Midgard to Hel - also you die
This as to do with the parts of the spiritual self, the different parts of the spirit
In the pagan mind you don't have to necessarily dwell in one single place
it is as if your own spiritual self could be divided into different states of existence and you could go from place to place, different levels
So while you are in Hel, you have a different life,
but if your spiritual self goes into Niflhel, your spiritual existence is transformed to be able to exist in that spiritual reality
But with Christianity much of this spiritual understanding is lost and Niflhel, Hel and Niflheim become one
And not only is a place for the weak and sick and oath breakers
but starts to be a place for those who practice adultery, those who commit suicide and for murderers
Those who were sinful and lived a life disregarding the 10 commandments
Adultery and Suicide weren't condemned in pagan times, and murder was seen in a very different way
it was bad but not a sin, it was punishable in this world, rarely ending with the execution of the murderer, or torture
but more like paying a certain amount to compensate the family of the victim
In these aspects we can see how far Hel was turned into a Christian Inferno, a place of suffering and evil
What do we know about judgment after death?
We know that Christianity is very clear about this
the judgement of a person continues even after they are gone
The judgment of the living upon the dead is perceptible
It varies according to the historical, but in general you either wait judgment day or the final judgment
or upon death Saint Peter will look upon a book with your name and judge you if you are worthy to enter heaven or be sent down to Hell
It wasn't like that by the way, Saint Peter was just the guardian of the gates to heaven, that's all,
but someone came up with this thing of him being the judge of god
Anyway...
to the Norse there isn't a clear judgement of the dead
In fact, the entire cosmology doesn't paint the gods as judging people all the time for their misdeeds
Who are the gods to judge us if they do the same mistakes as we do?
Certainly there was judgement among the Norse
People committed crimes and so they were judged by other mortal men according to their misconduct, and not by the gods
The gods were called upon as witnesses and not to deliver divine judgement
People were judged by their doings and not for being sinful, or breaking a commandment, or for religious misconduct
Well, if you destroyed a temple or desecrated sacred ground,
it was a crime and you were judged by it, but your sentence wouldn't be eternity spent in some horrible place
In fact we have an account about this:
In Njals Saga, Hrapp burns a heathen temple and stole all the riches within the temple and the item of great value placed on the idols of the gods
Hakon says that the gods are in no haste to seek vengeance, simply that the thief and desecrater of the temple shall be forever driven out of Valhalla
So the gods deed not seek vengeance or judged people for their doings, but simply chose not to have them in a certain afterlife place and send them elsewhere
Still, you had been judged by mortal men and would carry that for the rest of your life
A stain in your past
Did this affect your afterlife destination upon death in the Norse religious perspective?
No, not quite
In the poem Solarjod people would travel the road to Hel, and went to that realm, but after that they would go to the Norns seats and there wait in silence for nine days
In the Havamal we have something similar, sitting and waiting by the Well of Urdr in silence, listening to others' wise words and judgments
Could this place, by the well of Urdr, be a court to judge the dead?
Or some sort of Hall
Being judged by the Norns themselves, the goddesses of fate who know all the doings of each individual
To this point it seems that all the dead gather in Hel regardless of gender and social status
Then they move to the Well of Urdr, to a court found there and possibly awaiting judgment
But this judgment isn't what we think it is if we approach the sources with a Christian understanding of afterlife judgment
This judgment isn't to see if people are worthy to go into the realm of the gods or down into a place of suffering
It seems to be to determine which afterlife reality fits the people being judged
what place should be more appropriate for them
not according to their crimes and sins and whatnot, but according to their own personality and individuality
So it appears everyone goes to Hel, nothing matters, we all go to Hel
Some will remain there, and as it was previously said, it's a sunny place, green and beautiful
Others will move on to Valhalla, those who died in the battlefield
Others will move to Nifhel, northwards of Niflheim
to die again
possibly referring to a change in one's spiritual form, to become something else, to be transformed
it's possibly a place of hard and painful transformation, but not as a punishment and eternal torture
but to become something better, to be remade
Others remain by the well of Urdr, in some court within a Hall, waiting to be sent to another place
The well of Urdr in many sources seems to be a place of gathering, between different races of the gods
a neutral place, where a lot of issues are discussed between gods and all sorts of beings
So at the Well of Urdr I wouldn't say that the judgement is only set out by the Norns but by other gods as well
because in the sources it also states that at least in the case of warriors
it's Odin and Freyja that ultimately decide who enters their Halls
Valhalla and Sessrumnir
as it is clearly demonstrated in Grímnismal
In terms of the Well of Urdr and its location, most likely this particular Well is situated in Hel
facilitating the gathering of the dead
Although the sources speak of 3 different Wells
which is probably a Christian influence
Snorri Sturluson informs us that Urdr's Well is located in the heavens
There are 3 wells feeding the great tree Yggdrasil
one located in Asgard; one in Midgard; one in Hel
This is clearly a reference to the Medieval Christian Cosmology
One Well with holy waters in Heaven, another on the earth and another in Hell
n the Norse pagan perspective, Wells and their waters were clearly held sacred,
and the waters of the well of destiny are the ones taken by Odin to acquire the wisdom of all things
In the poem Grimnismal the gods ride out of their homes to the Well of Urdr every day
but it isn't clear what direction they take to reach the well
Poems such as Skirnismal, Fafnismal, Grimnismal, and Snorri's accounts in his Prose Edda, etc.
the Well of Urdr is placed in different locations
Some poems state that it's in the south, others that it's in Asgard
But it seems to me the location of the well being placed in Asgard, the realm of the gods, a high place,
is pretty convenient for a Christian cosmology and the concept of the divine
In fact most sources place the Well of Urdr in the south, pointing down,
and the gods often ride "downwards" crossing the bridge Bifrost, to reach the well
In a pagan perspective seems more likely that the Well would be place in the underworld, in Hel,
because water comes from the earth, from inside the mountains and underground networks
The water of a Well itself comes from the earth, one must dig a hole and literally reach the underworld to search for water
We need to have in mind that when dealing with pagan concepts, we must be much more practical and trust intuition
Our ancestors were much more concerned with this world and its realities
They were often aware of the natural cycles and to them the gods manifested themselves through nature
So it seems likely that the Well of Urdr with its sacred waters came down from the earth
which is the source of water, drinkable water, the very veins of the earth
And then in a Christian perspective the well was relocated to Asgard, which became the equivalent of heaven
and as such holy waters should be placed near the divine
Let's not forget one important point in the Norse mythological geography
In Niflheim there is the well of Hvergelmir from which comes all the rivers
Niflheim is the closest realm to Hel, so this reinforces the idea of water coming from those parts
from both the underground and from Ice,
which, in a northern hemisphere perspective, water comes from the inside of the mountains and when snow melts
In conclusion, we have paid too much attention to Snorris Sturluson's Prose Edda
and modern heathenry really holds that literary work as the main source to understand the Norse pagan mind
Insufficient attention is placed in older heathen poems that give us a better perspective on the fate of the dead
We need to choose carefully our sources
and don't get me wrong, the Prose Edda is still a great source to understand Norse mythology
but we must be attentive and read as much as we can from other sources and not stick to the same old thing
We must make comparisons or we are misled into believing that our Norse ancestors' perspective of the divine has just one single possible interpretation
In the case of Hel, we have been led to believe that it was a dark place crowded with the sick, weak, criminals, wicked people
a place of suffering, famine, and the worse representation of death
the metaphorical representation of physical death and the decaying of the body
And that the afterlife in the Norse spirituality had this dualistic side – Valhalla and Hel
and that Valhalla was the reward for warriors who had a virtuous life, and Hel is for the rest
creating a clear boundary between who are the ones worthy to be in the presence of the gods
and those who deserve nothing but darkness and pain and suffering
As you could see by the examples I gave you, the afterlife in a Norse pagan perspective wasn't like that at all
The dead went to various destinations according to their deeds and their personalities
But before being judged and distributed, everyone went to Hel, because that was the realm of the dead
Some remained there, while others went to their rightful places
But Hel in a Norse pagan perspective wasn't seen as a dreadful place, but as a sunny place, green and beautiful, very bright
and even being an afterlife realm, it was filled with life
Alright my dear friends I hope you have enjoyed this video
and I'm sorry of throughout this video I was a little bit curved
but I'm in terrible pain, back-pain... it's just awful - excruciating
anyway...
thank you so much for watching, see you on the next video and as always...
tack för idag! (thank you for today!)
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