Between August 14th and 17th 1947, India and Pakistan became independant nations,
following almost two centuries of British dominion.
This vast and densely populated territory that used to be a single country
now had to handle old tension that were increased by the Partition,
i.e the division of the British Indies.
This is the background in which settles the Doctor Who episode 'Demons In The Punjab',
a topic that might have confused more than one French viewer.
In our country, we already struggle talking about the troubles our former colonies have been through to gain independance,
therefore we hardly focus on our neighbourghs' former colonies in history classes.
To discuss this topic, I won't be alone this time
because Flavien from Tardistory, who's a history and geography teacher will accompany me.
There will be Sehrish and Awais alongside us.
They are two Pakistanis who will help us shed light on the concrete effects of the Indies' Partition on the natives.
But before that, let's recontextualize.
Since 1600, England was present in Idian waters and dominating over trade in the Indian Ocean
with the English East India Company, an enterprise that was founded by Queen Elizabeth 1st.
This company will later become the British East India Company.
From 1757, the Company begins to gain strong administrative and military fonctions on Indian territories,
thus beginning the 'Company Raj' era, literally the 'Company Dominion'.
Following an independence war in 1857 and the Sepoy Mutiny,
the 'Company Raj' turns into the 'British Raj', thus transferring all of the powers to the British government.
The situation worsens for the population that faces famins and poverty,
for the British colonial administration would prefer to transfer resources and food to Britain.
The viceroy Robert Lytton even forbids to help the hungry that are obviously lazy in his eyes
because, when people work the right way, they don't have this sort of problems.
This constant neglect and looting led to the creation of the Indian National Congress in 1885.
A political party whose main mission was to lead India towards independance
first with soft and progressive solutions that got more and more engaged and tough.
Some wanted to use violence and others would rather use more pacifist ways instead.
For instance Mahatma Gandhi led important independantist actions since the 1920's .
There were always non violent a first, but would end up with violence to fight the British represion.
But for the most, the Congress represent the interest of Hindu populations which ignore the 25% of Muslim inhabitants.
But there used to be Muslims among the Congress.
One of them, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, will have a key-part in the creation of Pakistan.
Another one, Abul Kasem Fazlul Huq, will be a renowned figure of Bangladesh.
Just like Hindus and Sikhs, the Muslim community was protected and included in the community and represented thanks to the imperial laws.
Though the community's bonds with Hindu who were more numerous was troublesome. Still, strong inequalities remain.
The Muslim League who was created in 1906, bloomed in the 30's.
It succesfully negotiated a protection from the British in exchange of a collaboration with the British army during WW2.
The league get a promess of future negocitions to create sperate states for Muslim Indians. They want to name it 'Pakistan'.
Not a partition then, just safe areas.
As a clolny of the British Empire, India was involved in WW2.
This obligation, taken without any consultation, was received with a fervent nationalist protestation
that was initiated by the Congress and increased by protests.
Let's add stinging defeats on the South-East Asian front, like the battle of Singapore
where Prem fought in the episode « Demons of the Punjab ».
Prime minister Winston Churchill will describe it as the worst disaster faced by the British Army.
Those tensions cannot happen in an empire worn out by war.
Britain can't maintain its economy any more.
Clement Attlee, the P.M who succeeded Winston Churchill,
sent a cabinet in order to assure a peacefull transition towards independance for India,
thus screwing up the elaboration of a Constitution in the shadows.
There's no time, riots increase, and the more they are violent, the more repressed they are.
The bloodiest one happened in Calcutta in 1946 and had 4000 killed.
The British Empire wants things to get faster.
"Mr Jinnah, leader of the Indian Muslims, receives the Mahatma Gandhi, the Hindus' spiritual leader."
"Though this conference marks a turn between two irreconcilable religions,"
"it is obvious that an immediate agreement isn't possible."
"Gandhi agrees to the creation of an independent Muslim state,"
"but his demands are so big that Mr Jinnah fears an Hindu dominion."
Hindi and Muslim camps couldn't agree and the Congress wanted unity
whereas the Muslim League wants a separation, the Empire makes a concetion.
On June 3rd 1947, Viceroy Louis Mountbatten announces the terms of Mountbatten Plan.
It consits on organizing a vote in the most divided zones and let the less divided ones make their own decision.
The Plan takes the creation of Pakistan into account,
yet creating it with the smallest size possible in order for the country to keep the unity the Congress wanted.
Borders are redrawn to seperate India, West Pakistan and East Pakistan (now Pakistan and Bangladesh).
Congress now has to deal with the situation in India.
Their general secretary Jawaharlal Nehru becale P.M for almost 17 years.
This creates overally a stable political situation and Pakistan on the contrary would keep on watching P.Ms and coups after Jinnah's death.
But let's go back to the direct consequences of the population's separation in 1947.
Around 15 million people had to migrate to their safest zones:
Hindus and Sikhs to India and Muslims to Pakistan. That was survival matter.
As the British concluded the independence, they hardly maintained order while doing their business on their own.
Score settlings and strength prevail.
Tens of thousands women were raped to dishonnour their communities,
hundreds of thousands people were killed for their beliefs
or for their obstination to stay on a territory that no longer recognized as theirs by the communities there
or the new ones that demanded to take their place.
Refugees camps are overcrowded, which let contagious diseases to proliferate.
Punjab is the northern zone with severe tensions due to the new borders and is the main bloodshed area,
the Muslims who stayed on the Indian side and the Hindus and Sikhs on the Pakistani one being ruthlessly wiped out.
In total, casualties estimations differ.
They reach 200.000 people killed according to Viceroy Mountbatten and his crew.
Adding the figures of different regions of the two countries, we would more rely on 2 millions ; 1 million for sure.
Eversince, this Partition never stopped creating problems between those two countries, as Flavien will tell us.
Let's take a simple example in order to explain how every day life can be a burdden : Bangladesh ;
former East Pakistan, is prone to flooding due to high cyclone frequency and destructive monsoon.
In addition to a low relief (10% of the country is under see level), one can understand the problem with flooding.
Back in September, murderous floods ravaged the country.
But what does India has to do with it ?
Well the country soon integrated the idea of risk culture (how to anticipate and prevent the risk before a catostrophe happens) :
Dykes were built to prevent flooding casualties to the best.
But to make sure they work, cooperation programs between the two countries were needed.
Yet relations with India couldn't aloow to create such programs.
Now that Narendra Modi is India's new P.M, the relationship didn't improve.
India has known heads of state that weren't soft, but this one takes the biscuit.
I won't go into further detail concerning Indian voting system, which is excessively complex.
But do keep in mind that until now, one party had the majority:
Indian National Congress (Nehru's and his daughter's Indira Gandhi's party) that was created to be a government party.
Yet contestation growled and Modi was elected in 2014 with a Hindu nationalist party : BJP.
To get a glimpse of the character, note that he was Chief Minister of Gujarat.
There was a huge riot in this state in 2002.
While Hindu pilgrims were killed in a train, rumours stated it was done by Muslim terrorists.
Anti-Muslim actions spread through the state and made between 900 and 2.000 killed and thousands of injured.
How did Modi react ? He sat on his hands.
Worse, he delivered an islamophobic speech that didn't appease the tensions.
Now he is in charge of the biggest democracy in the world and he keeps this nationalist speech.
He extols Hindu culture as the country's concreet.
Yoga culture became his political weapon and wants India to become a strong and attacking state.
He fights against the idea of multicultural country.
According to him Indian's strength comes from the one true Hindu culture.
No need to tell you the relationship between the tow neighbours have never been colder since 2014 eventhough attemps for appeasement were made.
Thanks for watching this video. I hope you enjoyed it.
-Thanks for your help, Flavien! -Thanks for the invitation.
My pleasure! You can watch Flavien's history show "Tradistory" on the channel Tardistory.
Thanks to Sehrish and Awais. It was so nice to have you on this channel.
What do you think about Doctor Who's decision to cover such topics?
It's a great thing. From the start, Doctor Who had this educational vocation.
It resurfaces in series 11 and it's great to watch them highlighting topics miss-known from the Occidental audience.
Obviously, geopolitics is complex, we simplified it to help you understand the basics of this situation.
If you enjoyed the video, please share it.
I'm sure many of your relatives barely know this subject.
-See you. Bye. -Bye.


For more infomation >> "Dame" Meme //Kürbistumor - Duration: 0:26. 
For more infomation >> Building material created that is 100% fireproof - Duration: 3:51. 
For more infomation >> We Reviewed Our Pictures From 10 Years Ago • Ladylike - Duration: 10:53. 
For more infomation >> "Купчино". 7 серия - Duration: 48:11.
For more infomation >> Warren Buffett buys $4B stake in JPMorgan - Duration: 6:41. 

For more infomation >> Noticias Telemundo Mediodía, 15 de noviembre de 2018 | Noticiero | Telemundo - Duration: 21:40. 
For more infomation >> 11/15 Afternoon Weather - Duration: 3:35. 

For more infomation >> Ford B-MAX 1.0 EcoBoost Titanium - Duration: 0:54.
For more infomation >> Mercedes-Benz B-Klasse 170 Comfort Class Airco - Duration: 1:07.
For more infomation >> Ford B-MAX 1.0 EcoBoost Titanium Navigatie - Duration: 0:54.
For more infomation >> Mercedes-Benz B-Klasse 180 Ambition Navi,18inch,Automaat,Cruise AMG PAKKET 1e eigenaar - Duration: 0:46.
For more infomation >> Opel ADAM 1.0 Turbo Start/Stop 90PK ADAM UNLIMITED - Duration: 1:07.
For more infomation >> Create Your Own Path Through Career Training - Duration: 1:23.
For more infomation >> Opel KARL 1.0 ecoFLEX 75pk Edition *Navigatie - Duration: 1:06.
For more infomation >> Opel KARL 1.0 Start/Stop 75pk Edition *Navigatie - Duration: 1:12.
For more infomation >> Opel KARL 1.0 Start/Stop 75pk Innovation *Navigatie - Duration: 0:58.
For more infomation >> Jerry Springer Show (11/14/2018)Kaylene's boyfriend desires to be single again.... - Duration: 3:58.
For more infomation >> Audi A7 Sportback New 50 TDI quattro 286pk tiptronic | Adaptive Cruise | Head Up - Duration: 0:53. 




For more infomation >> How To Get Views On Youtube
For more infomation >> Kimbal Musk: I'm excited about Plant a Seed Day - Duration: 5:26.
For more infomation >> Mazda 6 2.2D GT-M NAVI/LEDER/XENON - Duration: 1:07.
For more infomation >> BMW 3 Serie 330XI M SPORT EDITION AUT navi klein/xenon/alcantara/schuifkanteldak/standkachel/skiluik - Duration: 1:09.
For more infomation >> BMW 5 Serie Touring 525d High Exe M sport EXTREEM VOL! Vol leer zwart/comfortstoelen/navi pro/panora - Duration: 1:09.
For more infomation >> Mazda CX-5 2.0 GT-M AUT 4WD CAMERA 19 INCH LED NAVI BOSE LEDER RIJKLAAR!!! - Duration: 1:13.
For more infomation >> Marilyn Miglin 15piece Fragrance Collection - Duration: 12:29. 







Không có nhận xét nào:
Đăng nhận xét