Thứ Hai, 6 tháng 11, 2017

Youtube daily report Nov 6 2017

The tale of life on Earth has been unfolding for about 4 billion years.

And we humans are just the last word on the last page of that story.

At least so far.

And the vast stretches of time that are covered by the history of life can be hard for us

to fathom.

We wrack our brains just trying to imagine what a few hundred years looks like, let alone

billions of years

And, like, speaking for myself, I can't even remember what I had for breakfast this

morning.

So, to help us comprehend the full expanse of time, scientists have turned to the rocks.

By looking at the layers beneath our feet, geologists have been able to identify and

describe crucial episodes in life's history -- from bursts of evolutionary diversity to

disastrous extinction events.

These key events -- of new life and sudden death -- frame the chapters in the story of

life on earth.

And the system we use to bind all these chapters together is the Geologic Time Scale.

First, let's talk about the history of geologic time itself.

'Cause figuring out how to read history in rocks was not easy.

For much of human history, of course, we had no idea how old the Earth was, or what actually

happened in deep time, or what happened in what order.

But in 1669, Danish scientist Nicolas Steno published the first laws of stratigraphy -- the

science of interpreting the strata, or layers of rock, in Earth's outer surface.

Steno argued that the layers closer to the surface must be younger than the layers below

them.

So the farther down you dig, he thought, the older the fossils are that you find there.

Sounds legit, right?

But in Steno's day -- when some people thought that fossils had literally fallen from the

sky, for some reason -- this was pretty revolutionary idea.

Building on Steno's ideas, Italian geologist Giovanni Arduino went a step further and began

naming the layers of rock.

In the 1760s, Arduino studied the Italian Alps, organizing their layers based on their

depth and composition.

The lowest layers of metamorphic and volcanic rocks, he called the Primary layer.

Above those were hard sedimentary rocks which he called Secondary.

And the top layers of softer alluvial deposits he named Tertiary and Quaternary.

But, because rock layers don't appear in this same order all over the world, there

was no way for geologists to compare rocks from one location to another.

Without a way to compare strata, there could be no universal time scale.

Finally, in 1819, English geologist William Smith figured out the solution to this problem:

fossils.

By comparing the remains of ancient organisms from different rock formations, Smith could

match their ages, regardless of how far apart they were.

For example, Smith realized that fossils of many early species of trilobites are found

below ammonite fossils, which are in turn below certain species of shellfish.

So, anyplace in the world where you find these first trilobites, you know that you're looking

at rock that's older than when ammonites lived.

And even in the most ancient rocks, that have little or no evidence of life, scientists

can still look for signs of the very earliest major geologic events, like when

continents first formed, and even when the Earth itself cooled and solidified.

Thanks to the work of early geologists like Steno, Arduino, and Smith, modern scientists

have used these and other clues to create what we now call the Geologic Time Scale,

or GTS.

The GTS has been reworked many times to reflect the latest knowledge of Earth's history.

And today, it's organized into five subgroups: Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs

and Ages.

Organizing time in increments like this allows us to ask questions about history on different

scales.

In the largest increments -- like Eons and Eras -- we can ask the biggest of big-picture

questions.

Like, was there life on Earth at this time?

If there was, what did it look like?

Did it live in the water or on land?

This is the kind of top-level view we're gonna take today.

But the smaller increments of time, like Periods and Epochs, help us take a tighter focus and

ask more specific questions.

Like, what was the climate like during this window of a few million years?

And how did life around the world adapt to it?

We'll be talking about those in more detail in future episodes, when we talk about each

era, period by period.

OK!

So, let's get the biggest of Big Picture views of Earth's history right now, by taking

a tour of all the Eons and Eras in the GTS.

Eons are the largest slices of time, ranging from a half-billion to nearly 2 billion years

long.

And the earliest Eon is known as the Hadean.

It begins with the very formation of the Earth itself, around 4.6 billion years ago and ends

4 billion years ago.

And this is the only Eon that doesn't have fossils.

Because, back then, the world was just … hell.

Named after the Greek underworld Hades, the Hadean lived up to its name.

The planet was wracked by volcanic activity, cosmic bombardments, raging storms, and temperatures

that were at times hot enough to melt rock.

But even in this searing wasteland, life may have been able to form.

While no fossils have been found from this Eon, small amounts of organic carbon have

been discovered in Hadean rocks that some experts think is evidence of the earliest

life.

These first organisms were tiny and single celled, but they were eventually able to shape

the future of the entire planet, so their appearance is the one major benchmark of this

Eon.

The Hadean was brought to an end by the cooling of the Earth's crust, setting the stage

for continents to eventually form.

And this cooling marked the beginning of the next phase -- the Archean Eon, which ran from

4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago.

Named for the Greek word for 'origin', the Archean was once thought to be when the

first signs of life appeared.

But at the very least, it's fair to say it was the first time that life flourished,

forming mats of microbes in the primordial seas.

The fossils that these microbes left behind are called stromatolites, or sometimes, stromatoliths,

and the very oldest of them -- like those found in western Australia -- date from the

Archaean.

During this time, the atmosphere was mostly carbon dioxide, but the appearance of cyanobacteria

was about to change all that.

Then 2.5 billion years ago, the Archean gave way to the Proterozoic Eon, meaning 'earlier

life'.

And around this time, photosynthetic bacteria, along with some multicellular forms of life,

spewed tons of oxygen into the atmosphere.

This probably wiped out much of the anaerobic life on Earth.

BUT!

It cleared the path for crucial, new organisms, including the ancestral Eukaryotes, whose

cells each have a nucleus and organelles wrapped up in membranes.

Eukaryotes developed into the first really big, complex, and sometimes kinda weird forms

of life, like the frond-like Charnia and the plate-shaped Dickinsonia.

These new, larger organisms quickly diversified, and by 541 million years ago, we were at the

doorstep of the next and current eon, the Phanerozoic.

Its name means 'visible life,' and the Phanerozoic was when life really became … obvious.

This is the eon that's home to trees, dinosaurs, newts, aardvarks, and humans.

Basically, life as we know it.

Hoo!

How are you holding up? You doing OK?

We've covered about three and half billion years already!

Just got another half billion to go and then we're home free

OK, now, from here, it's best to explore the Phanerozoic Eon through its Eras, the

next level down in the divisions of time.

This'll let us explore more recent history in greater detail.

The first era of our current eon is the Paleozoic Era, which began 541 million years ago.

This chapter was defined by the diversification of visible life, and it started with a bang.

Actually, an explosion!

The Cambrian explosion.

This flurorescence of diversity and complexity in the world's oceans is such a huge deal

in the history of life that all of the eons that came before it -- the Hadean, Archean,

and the Proterozoic -- are collectively known as the Precambrian.

At the start of the Paleozoic, over about 25 million years, the fossil record suddenly

reveals the appearance of complex animals with mineralized remains.

Y'know, hard parts -- shells, exoskeletons, that kind of thing.

And the first of these new animals to become truly widespread were the trilobites.

They were so common all over the world that they've been used as index fossils for the

Palaeozoic Era for centuries, ever since the days of William Smith.

But the trilobites soon had competition.

Fish developed teeth and jaws, and came to dominate the seas, including the first sharks

and armored giants known as placoderms.

Meanwhile, the land, which had been barren since the formation of continents back in

the Archean, was finally being populated -- first by plants and then by arthropods.

By 370 million years ago entire ecosystems had developed on the primeval continents.

Soon after, the earliest amphibians evolved and hauled themselves out of the water, leaving

the first vertebrate footprints in the mud.

299 million years ago, the supercontinent Pangea had formed, with an enormous desert

at its center.

This desert was quickly populated by the ancestors of what would eventually become reptiles and

mammals, which could thrive in dry conditions, unlike amphibians.

But this time of incredible growth couldn't last forever.

and instead, the Palaeozoic Era ended in cataclysm.

252 million years ago, 70% of land vertebrates and 96% of marine species disappeared from

the fossil record, including survivors of previous extinctions, like our friends the trilobites.

I still miss those guys.

The event, known as the Great Dying, was the most severe extinction in our planet's history.

But its exact cause is still unclear.

A possible meteorite impact site off the coast of South AmericaIslands,

might be one clue.

And in Siberia, layers of basalt show that massive volcanic eruptions covered large swaths

of Pangea in lava.

Both of these incidents coincided with the end of the Palaeozoic, and it seems more than

likely that the extinction had many causes.

In any case, the Palaeozoic may have begun as a chapter defined by an explosion of life,

but it ended in nearly absolute death.

It took millions of years for life to recover, but when it did, a new world, The Mesozoic

Era, had arrived.

This is often called the Age of Reptiles, and with good reason.

Right from the start of the Mesozoic, reptiles were incredibly successful.

This is when they took some of their most famous forms, including dinosaurs, pterosaurs,

and a variety of marine species.

In fact, all of the non-avian dinosaurs lived only in the Mesozoic, so they remain one of

the best index fossils of this era.

And many modern groups of organisms also evolved in the shadow of the reptiles, like

mammals frogs, bees, and flowering plants.

But the Mesozoic Era came to an end 66 million years ago, with yet another episode of devastation,

known as the Cretaceous-Paleogene, or K-Pg, Extinction Event.

Like all mass die-offs, the K-Pg had many causes, but probably the biggest of them was

a gigantic asteroid that struck the earth, sending out enormous amounts of ash into the

atmosphere, blocking out sunlight, and creating a vicious cold snap across the planet.

Without the sun's energy, entire plant communities died, and the animals that relied on those

plants perished with them.

Evidence of this impact can be found in a layer of iridium, in rocks dating to the end

of the Mesozoic.

Iridium is an element that's rare on Earth, but very common in asteroids and comets.

And a giant impact crater in the Gulf of Mexico, whose age matches the date of this extinction

has become the smoking gun for the asteroid hypothesis.

The victims of the K-Pg Extinction were some of the biggest reptiles of the land, sea and

sky, including all of what we NOW call the non-avian dinosaurs.

Birds survived the cataclysm, of course, making them the last surviving lineage of the dinosaurs.

Ok we have 66 million years to go and

that's the last major extinction event that we have to

talk about. I thought you might want to

freshen up so I bought these

pre-moistened toilettes

just going to

you have

some Iridium

Here. On this side.

On your forehead. Other side.

With all of the great reptiles gone, the smaller animals that remained were able to eke out

a living in the next era, the Cenozoic.

This is our era, in more ways than one.

It's the era that we're in today, and it also marks the rise of the mammals.

Soon after the K-Pg extinction, the climate warmed, and jungles stretched across the planet.

Mammals quickly recovered in this hothouse world, and by 40 million years ago, most of

the mammal groups that we recognize had come about, like whales, bats, rodents and primates.

But, starting 34 million years ago, the climate began to shift again.

This time Ice caps started to grow at the poles, taking up much of the planet's water.

And these drier conditions created a new habitat, the grassland, where ancestral horses and

antelope were first hunted by the earliest cats and dogs.

It was also on these grassy plains 7 million years ago that a species of ape known as Sahelanthropus

became the first known primate to walk upright.

2.6 million years ago, the ice caps expanded even more, and the Earth entered a glacial period.

This is the one you hear referred to as The Ice Age.

Over the course of these last several million years, most modern lifeforms that we know

about developed and thrived, alongside giants like mammoths, ground sloths and saber-toothed

cats.

Once again, though, this era of lush diversity came to a morbid end: Starting around 15,000

years ago, the climate began to warm up.

And over the next few thousand years, many of the giant fauna went extinct.

By 11,700 years ago, the last major glaciation was over, and modern humans inhabited nearly

all corners of the globe.

But how big a role we played in the extinction of the so-called Ice Age megafauna is hotly

debated.

Regardless, there's no escaping the fact that our species has shaped the Earth to its

will since then.

Like cyanobacteria, and the dinosaurs before us, we've had a huge impact on habitats,

other organisms, and the biosphere itself.

And as we've learned today, it's the most dominant forms of life that define each phase

of deep time.

So, even though our time on this planet amounts to the last word on the last page of the story

of life, we are the authors of the next chapter.

One day, the epoch of humans may be detected by the marks we made on the land, the traces

of our cities and farms.

And our very bodies will be the index fossils of this time.

No matter how our chapter ends up, we get to be characters in a truly amazing story.

Thanks for joining me for this epic -- or ee pok -- journey through geologic time.

Now, what do you want to know about the story of life on Earth?

Let us know in the comments.

And don't forget to go to youtube.com/eons and subscribe!

And the fun doesn't end here!

Do yourself a favor and check out some of our sister channels from PBS Digital Studios.

For more infomation >> A Brief History of Geologic Time - Duration: 12:08.

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OUR DESPERATE FLIRTING ATTEMPTS | Dolan True Stories - Duration: 7:47.

• From starting a fire in the school bathroom to fighting the toughest kid in class, the

Planet Dolan crew re-enact some of the best true stories from our subreddit about the

most desperate ways we've tried to attract someone.

I'm Doopie – and today I'll be your narrator.

Number 10 was submitted by MentalPigeon Zaraganba When Zaraganba was little he was madly in

love with a girl in his class.

One day they went out on the playground together after it had rained all morning.

The play equipment was still wet, but Zaraganba wanted to show her how cool he was by running

up the metal slide.

When he got halfway up, he slipped and slammed his face into the slide.

When he got up, he spat his two front teeth out in front of her and burst into tears.

Zaraganba's stunt cost him years of painful dental procedures.

He couldn't eat solid food for a while and had to wear metal in his mouth for the rest

of the year!

And the worst part?

His crush moved away just one week after his accident!

He sadly never saw her again…

Number 9 was submitted by Sn00pL00ps Emojie For the longest time Emojie had a huge crush

on his high school sweetheart, but he had no clue how to attract her.

He eventually found out that she really liked Doctor Who.

Emojie had never seen it before, so he decided to lock herself in her room and study it.

For two months, He binge watched it – foregoing sleep and ignoring his friends and family.

Once He understood it well enough, He made her a foam Tardis for Valentine's Day and

asked her to be his Doctor.

Luckily all her effort paid off and they're still dating to this day!

Number 8 was submitted by GraceLikesManga123 Ladybot

When Ladybot was twelve she had a big crush on the smartest girl in her grade.

The girl was in the gifted program so Ladybot assumed that she loved books.

Ladybot decided to show up for class carrying a giant stack of books – more than she could

carry!

Every time she opened her locker books would come spilling out, but Ladybot's crush didn't

seem to notice.

Ladybot then stepped things up by joining her track team, getting the same haircut,

and studying really hard to get into the gifted program!

But in the end, Ladybot's crush shut her down by declaring she was straight and moving

away!

The worst part was, Ladybot's mom wouldn't let her quit the track team or the gifted

program!

Number 7 was submitted by diepiotri-angle Tolop

In sixth grade Tolop had a crush on the new girl, Spincess.

Every day he aggressively flirted with her and gave her money to show her how much he

cared.

Spincess loved the attention and said she would go on a date with Tolop if he fought

the toughest guy in school.

The next day Tolop picked a fight – even though he was small and not much of a fighter.

He started losing immediately, but he refused to give up and finished the fight strong.

He ended up with huge bruises, a broken arm and leg, and a suspension from school.

And after all that, Spincess still refused to date him!

Number 6 was submitted by Kandy_Kittys2 Ramona In primary school, Ramona had a huge crush

on the class bad boy.

She was always trying to think of ways to impress him and one day came up with the brilliant

idea to lie and cut class.

Without thinking, she raised her hand to get the teacher's attention and said the first

thing that came to her mind: "Miss, can I please be excused?

I have… err… diarrhea!"

The whole class gasped, and the teacher was horrified!

She told Ramona to go to the toilet right away.

As Ramona was leaving, she glanced at her crush.

She expected him to be impressed, but he had the most disgusted look on his face!

After that day Ramona decided that pursuing him was a lost cause.

Number 5 was submitted by OnceIDidAThing Melissa When Melissa was thirteen she had an online

relationship with a boy who lived five hours away.

She couldn't wait to meet him in person… and then one day she got an opportunity to

do just that!

Her dad came home and told his family he'd been offered a great work opportunity in the

town where Melissa's boyfriend lived!

Melissa tried to convince them to move and even threw a huge tantrum, shouting, "I

have no friends and I'd rather die than stay here!"

In the end, Melissa's parents agreed to move.

But when Melissa arrived, her "boyfriend" suddenly changed his mind and deleted her

on all other forms of social media.

Number 4 was submitted by OsscarTheCouch Civil Spider

One time when Civil Spider was in primary school, he took a seat next to his crush at

lunch and tried to think of ways to impress her.

He figured she would like him if he just showed her how smart he was.

His plan was to get her attention, grab the nearest book and say, "Look how fast I can

read this!"

Civil Spider then sat there silently speed-reading the entire book.

When he finished, he looked up and saw that his crush had walked away.

Number 3 was submitted by theLOGMANcan Grgak When Grgak was in high school he had a crush

on a punk girl who was way too cool for him.

Grgak didn't know how to get her attention, but one day a crazy out-of-character idea

popped into his head.

He decided to go into the bathroom and set fire to all the trash cans, toilet paper rolls

and paper towels.

He narrowly avoided getting in trouble because the janitor and principle couldn't prove

it was him.

His crush thought it was amazing and agreed to go out with him.

But their relationship didn't last long because they had nothing in common, and Grgak

couldn't keep up the charade that he was some badass punk.

Number 2 was submitted by gamingpron0t Nixxiom When Nixxiom was fifteen he had a crush on

the new girl who'd just moved in.

He found out she was really into bad boys so he hatched a crazy scheme to impress her.

He told her to meet him at a local gas station just after seven o'clock.

When she got there, he told her to watch, as he ran inside and demanded money from the

cashier.

Nixxiom's crush thought this was really cool… until Nixxiom got caught a few hours

later!

He was forced to return the money and serve seven weeks of community service.

His parents grounded him for the rest of the year.

The next time Nixxiom talked to his crush, she said she was over her bad boy phase and

asked him to leave her alone.

That was the last time Nixxiom ever tried to impress

a girl…

For more infomation >> OUR DESPERATE FLIRTING ATTEMPTS | Dolan True Stories - Duration: 7:47.

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GINGER PANTHER - K - Duration: 3:21.

For more infomation >> GINGER PANTHER - K - Duration: 3:21.

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REACTING TO Stickman Vs BATIM Chapter 3 Animation - Duration: 16:17.

Hey Buddies its ya girl AyChristene and today I'm checking the suggestion that I got from you guys

if this is stickman vs bandy and they fished in Chapter three

in a nutshell animation by jay-z jay-z the rapper jay-z doing my song

nonetheless nonetheless that aside this video came in well I guess October 20th

and artists that it takes it took six days to make it but apparently it was

great love is from the flint announcer it's not over two million views so I'm

excited to see one big space to maybe that's next level

you know the speedy talent I guess nonetheless link is in the description

box vote for you to check out let's get

it still sucking about six days only six days to make this did he just use the

back crowns of the game Oh use the backgrounds of the game and put it the

character in here oh okay you all enjoy that's Boris hey he's like looking at

him like hey you let me out why didn't rub in his face what it's not

like the the gear for the door boards all say it word to you he'll speak he's

like I'm not talking oh his stomach growls his face it's like okay let me

get this bacon soup oh that's disgusting alright good

expire one January first in 1987 he is upset he's like thanks for the bacon

soup well oh yeah

cuz I random things just fall from the sky I'm sure you wouldn't leave this

here oh you can't go back yeah that was one thing for me when playing the game

when it asked that question I was like did anybody not you know I guess not

everybody I did do that right but no I'm not ready and then I just walked around

there's nothing else for me there it concerns me that that was the question

in the game but I don't think there was any payout for it at all so I don't know

I don't know but now that I'm thinking about it this seems like it's hid this

character it's an animation of him playing the game playing of a drink he's

like buh-bye oh yeah he represents us because I was like that too I was like

oh crap he's scared me boy scared me when he was welcomed by of it he's like

nope uh-oh he's I move forward because I knew

oh yeah this is when you get the flashlight that's when he's like moving

forward

you're not running around oh crap yeah that's give me to buy a voice goes

works like hold one moment well this the hood oh yeah he goes

through the vents which is something I wish you got to do you lay a tail

I don't worry did it take off that's cute

oh the toy is yes I want these plushies

these are really cute plushies like I collect all the little toys oh yeah that

pink wine makes a lot of different changes that's where you listen to

Jackie boy talk for a second oh yeah this scared me I was like so I'm gonna

happen I'm Alice ain't ya that's hearing again I wasn't ready

she's quite a gal I thought there's always something uh

that did scare me yeah she breaks out

okay and then I heard there's not really any difference between the two waves

because you still have to do all the same things and that's good me too

because I hear the sound and I'm like where what oh you'd think I was like

what was this sound but I guess you shut off one side that ish he's like I'm not

faced by you I Boris did that it's like hey you want that save man is just like

so set with Boris oh boy that was crying doralee's he's so mean - he's like so

big he's like I will do this when you go over there like if you had a voice and

boys is like nope oh this is where H gets a little creepy yeah look at that

yeah that pig didn't get him to me Oh 11 combo that is scared me it's taking me

back in the game Samoas that actually scared me but that

was a fun a good moment though I were walking through oh yes when she's like

talking to you

yeah she's just chatting now do you go that way he's like no I'm not moving I'm

gonna walk behind you you don't want to be in here oh yeah this one he arrives

and where's he going

what he's like ha oh yeah all the board says I've heard all these big boys just

like crying and I want to know how what are they doing like what is she taking

from their bits to make her she used to be like that mom were you about to do

her up he's about to bust up her picture know what to do no no no help me no no

they're not just let me go

that's that's funny he's like I want to hear what you got to say chick

let me just do stuff oh yeah that's when he/she likes trick you suck

guy oh yeah go through get the stuff all the gears

I forgot the gears thing was the first it is like such an air it was like

errand boy I think having it having him called an errand boy was very

appropriate oh yeah the ink demon come on Boris

where you at Boris words like nope I'm sailing this elevator I remember that in

the game I was super upset with Boris when he

went coming me right this time getting all the V Pearce oh yeah oh yeah it's

like some of the like monsters oh my god took the gear and just slapped him in

the face oh that I'm making it leveled in the middle oh yeah

I forgot my little ink blots that come up in what X oh that's him turning the

levels I was like what back was that

good next time oh oh yeah right oh you gone you gotta know he's scared right

now this is exact because I think it was on

this level that we came across bendy is it looking at pictures I didn't know he

was going through walls I know he came through one I thought he was walking

down the stairs like taking our like on me like meandering around the building

alright you bring it up yep you see his face that's how everybody felt playing

that part again like is it that she wants it is it kind of like life oh she

wants to thicken herself she didn't understand this thickness okay what was

that sound

who's that down oh yeah

homie I with it with the head on the string oh yeah this guy

those things are trying to catch is gone

yes late tail eerie he's coming

caramel is he looking right at him oh he's hiding in the hitman actual gook

smart it's my man right man I remember yeah you could turn on the radio I was

scared oh that was a nod to random encounters

right but their song okay which part was this no oh yeah you cut

those things up that was a that was a bit satisfied yeah you don't like that

one hate when you do that mm-hmm I like that face like now you

tell me freaking check there is you right right

they don't catch ooh they did a good job of making ain't bending oh crap

come on e that better hide it oh thank goodness it's like haha oh goodness this

chick she's just a little can you please like the noises of this game yesterday

there all day

what bag oh yeah I think I'm sorry but that's how many times people have died

I've died I died like a couple times in this part Ghana oh yeah you're not done

yep the hearts you see the eyes cuz you're like oh my goodness

start with this and what'll the third

is there a way to get the gun

and the game is their way to get the gun in the game oh my my in my game you

couldn't get the gun well I couldn't get the gun but I just I knew that he's just

like and the story awkward elevator trip which is quite a gal yeah quite the gal

yeah this is where I'm like what is going on sir what's wrong with it that

face like what it wetback is going on with her and you realize something's not

gonna happen right something's gonna happen

yeah poor boys poor Boris although I want to say her acting her voice acting

was really good and that's game Boris nearly stop look behind you and he's

taken away ok so they why play in a nutshell the game in a nutshell what is

this like it was a little bit longer than I thought it was gonna be I didn't

realize that it was full I completely get it you know and playing

this game the issues that a lot of people ran into is that you go to her

you'd help her out and then she's like oh butters what are you gonna do for me

and it's like check how much do you actually use down here for how long you

can believe this by yourself why I gotta do this stuff for you and if this is it

from I look for it once the thing you was just so long you can get it before

it forget that for on your own yeah the weight top a friend's room and then you

son steal boy for me so I don't know what chapter four instead a whole I am

doing see if it's gonna hang I do hope that it's not gonna be at

chapter 4 it's not committee cycle at chapter three ridges doing errands level

of competence or the things that you remind you of the game that you like

didn't like let's have you check the link in the

description box below it's like this video I feel like I like like don't

forget to subscribe and click that so you notified when I post

For more infomation >> REACTING TO Stickman Vs BATIM Chapter 3 Animation - Duration: 16:17.

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Little Big Town - When Someone Stops Loving You - Duration: 3:53.

For more infomation >> Little Big Town - When Someone Stops Loving You - Duration: 3:53.

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The Untold Truth Of Logan Paul - Duration: 4:27.

This blond-haired, blue-eyed, All-American bro became internet famous after his athletic

stunts and pratfall comedy earned him massive followings across multiple social media platforms.

But even with legions of followers in his "Lo-gang," there's a lot that fans may not

know about Logan Paul.

Making YouTube history

After recognizing that the Vine media platform was a sinking ship, Paul quickly stacked up

impressive followings on Facebook, Twitter and Instagram.

YouTube was the nut that he really needed to crack, however, and crack it he did.

His current Logan Paul Vlogs channel was created in September 2016, and in less than a year,

it had surpassed 10 million subscribers, a feat that had never been achieved before.

He celebrated making YouTube history with a vlog, of course:

"Not trying to be cocky, I've received a lot of awards and trophies in my life, but this

is the one definitely I'm the most proud of."

Landing Law & Order

Paul won himself a guest spot in a 2015 episode of Law and Order: SVU, and totally bombed

— behind the scenes, that is.

He remembered his really awkward moment with SVU's Detective Fin Tutuola, played by Grammy-winning

rapper Ice-T. He recalled, "So Ice-T is apparently a big deal and I am not part of the Ice-T

generation.

So he comes on set wearing a cop outfit and goes, 'Yo, what's up, are you the bad guy?'

And I say, 'Yeah!

Are you the security guard on set today?'

He goes, 'Yeah, I'm the security' and then just walks away.

I thought it was weird and then five minutes later I realized it was Ice-T. Whoops!"

Risking life on the daily

2016 turned out to be a pivotal year for Paul — he not only played his first lead role

in YouTube Red's The Thinning, he also landed his own short-form TV series.

Comcast's latest online platform, Watchable, gave "Logan Paul Versus…" the greenlight.

In the show, Paul takes on the craziest challenges the internet can throw at him — everything

from ballet dancing to wrestling a bear.

He said, "I've always loved pushing myself to experience every facet of life, no matter

how outrageous or insane, so finding a home like Watchable to share that with my fans

has been amazing."

Baywatch connection

Paul had a small scene in 2017's Baywatch that didn't end up making the final cut.

But filming it wasn't a total waste, as his friendship with Dwayne Johnson has blossomed

since.

The pair turned what happened to Paul into a skit in which The Rock revealed that the

Vine legend had actually been getting cut from Johnson's movies for years.

The Rock has returned the favor by appearing on Paul's own channel several times.

Paul said of his famous friend:

"I knew this the first time I met him, I'm like he's such a genuine guy…

Dwayne The Rock Johnson, you are the man!"

Dealing with the haters

Like any successful YouTuber, Paul has his critics.

He told Business Insider that he's been dealing with hate ever since he started out in Ohio,

where people would yell and curse at him when they drove by him on the street.

He never allowed himself to get down about it, however, choosing to ignore his detractors,

saying, "Here's the thing about haters — I don't care...I'm very, very confident."

Blond ambition

Paul's latest track, "Outta My Hair," is an ode to the blond locks that have become a

part of his brand.

The music video stars former Disney alum turned Hollywood up-and-comer, Bella Thorne.

Thorne most recently appeared in Netflix horror comedy The Babysitter, making headlines for

a scene involving a "steamy kiss" with co-star Samara Weaving.

She gives a similarly charged performance alongside Paul too, playing his hair-obsessed

hook up.

The video, which reportedly cost Paul a cool $100,000 to make, clocked a staggering five

and a half million views within 12 hours on YouTube, meaning the vlogger, actor and musician

has a potential viral hit on his hands.

CelebMix seems to agree, calling it an "incredible song...We are left wondering what is next

to come from this star...Surely starring in Hollywood blockbusters, winning countless

awards, daily vlogging and releasing the soundtrack of our lives is enough..."

Thanks for watching!

Click the Nicki Swift icon to subscribe to our YouTube channel.

Plus check out all this cool stuff we know you'll love, too!

For more infomation >> The Untold Truth Of Logan Paul - Duration: 4:27.

-------------------------------------------

WHY IRAN CANNOT SINK A US SUPER CARRIER ? TOP 5 FACTS - Duration: 7:56.

Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) Navy Commander Rear Admiral Ali Fadavi downplayed

Washington's military buildup in the Persian Gulf, and had said the IRGC speedboats have

the needed capability to sink the US aircraft carriers.

Fadavi had said in a meeting with a delegation of Oman's National Defense College in Tehran:

"The US is not in such conditions that it can threaten us in action, yet it continues

making verbal threats,"

Lieutenant Commander of the IRGC Navy General Alireza Tangsiri said:

Iran has armed IRGC Navy's speed boats with long-range 'Qader' cruise missiles which

can destroy maritime targets including frigates and warships.

In the Noble Prophet 9 exercises conducted in the Straits of Hormuz, Iran constructed

a mock aircraft carrier and proceeded to attack it.

The attack was carried out with anti ship missiles, mines and a simulated commando raid,

which involved troops landing on the flight deck via helicopter and attacking the carrier's

superstructure.

But a test scenario is different from real life war.

In this video, Defense Updates analyzes WHY IRAN CANNOT SINK A US SUPER CARRIER ?

Iran's naval power has even been acknowledged by foes.

In a Sep. 11, 2008 report, the Washington Institute for the Near East Policy said that

in the two decades since the Iraqi imposed war on Iran, the IRGC has excelled in naval

capabilities and is able to wage unique asymmetric warfare against larger naval forces.

According to the report, the IRGC Navy has been transformed into a highly motivated,

well-equipped, and well-financed force and is effectively in control of the world's

oil lifeline, the Strait of Hormuz.

The Nimitz-class super carriers are a class of 10 nuclear-powered aircraft carriers in

service with the United States Navy, apart from that US has recently commissioned the

USS Gerald Ford.

All these have displacement of around 100000 tons, and overall length of 332.8 m (1,092feet).

To give viewers a perspective, it is about 3 football fields long.

These are nuclear powered , have practically unlimited endurance and have been used to

project power far off from US mainland.

While the threat that small boats pose to major warships has been apparent for some

time, the Pentagon's Millennium Challenge 2002 exercise brought the issue to mainstream

attention.

In that controversial exercise, small fast boats carrying suicide payloads inflicted

heavy damage on U.S. naval forces.

US Navy has updated its strategy to counter these kinds of attacks.

Most small boats lack the range to find and successfully attack aircraft carriers in the

open sea.

Any boats that did find a carrier battle group would need to navigate a formation of well-armed

helicopters and escort warships, most of which would boast actual Phalanx gun systems that

could chew small vessels to pieces.

The Qader supersonic missile developed by Iran has a range of about 185 miles or 300

km, is self-guided, and can maneuver to lock onto a moving target.

The missile is cheap, easy to launch and can be deployed in "swarms."

Together with decoys and chaff.

Theoretically it is formidable challenge for defending naval vessels but in practice , things

are different.

Here are the technical problems of using this missile :

1.

185 miles or 300 km means that anything in the Persian Gulf is within easy range of the

missile.

But outside the Persian Gulf, in the Gulf of Oman, the US Navy can romp with ease, beyond

the range of the Iranian threat, but well within the operational range of the US carriers.

The launch platforms of these missile could be neutralized from far off.

2.

Inside the Persian Gulf also, there is a problem.

The missile's maneuverability is limited because the steering fins are small, to avoid

drag during supersonic flight.

Therefore, the missile can make steering corrections of perhaps 1/2 mile in the last few miles

of approach.

This probably explains why all tests so far, have been with static targets.

US carrier on the other hand will perform evasive maneuvers.

Though massive , US aircraft carrier can move surprisingly fast with a top speed of more

than 30 knots, or about 35 miles an hour.

3.

The missile has a 200-kilogram warhead.

The warhead could potentially damage a super carrier but won't be able to sink it since

the carrier are designed with compartments and the damaged parts can be sealed off.

It also must me noted that the carriers have kevlar protection on important parts.

It must be noted that the super carriers are not alone but are protected by squadron of

at least two Raleigh Burke-class destroyers and Virginia class attack submarine.

Apart from that, multiple Boeing E-3 Sentry Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)

support them.

Arleigh Burke-class warships are designed as multi mission destroyers capable of Anti

Aircraft Warfare (AAW), Anti Submarine Warfare (ASW), Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) and

Anti Surface warfare (ASuW).

Arleigh Burke class destroyers are among the largest destroyers in the world.

These can operate in open sea or coastal waters.

These are equipped especially to protect the super carriers.

These have Tomahawk cruise missile for Land attack, RIM-66M Standard medium range SAM

for air defense and RIM-161 Standard Ballistic missile for AEGIS ballistic missile defense

These also has 2 × Mk 141 Harpoon Missile Launcher for Anti Ship role.

2 × Mark 32 triple torpedo tubes are present for launching Mk-46 or Mk-50 torpedoes

2 MH-60R Seahawk LAMPS III helicopters are also present for Anti Submarine Warfare.

Other than these, they are equipped with long-range naval gun and multiple Close In Weapon System.

Virginia class is designed to take out enemy surface vessel, submarines as well can strike

ground targets.

It has 12 VLS (Vertical Launch System) & 4 torpedo tubes and is capable of launching

Tactical Tomahawks, Harpoon missile and Mark 48 torpedoes.

Boeing E-3 is designed to provide a holistic view of the battle space and will be able

to detect incoming missiles from long ranges.

The pulse-Doppler radar in it has a range of more than 250 mi (400 km) for low-flying

targets like the Qader missile.

The QADER missile could somehow manage to get past all the sophisticated security and

anti-missile protection on the carrier and get a lucky hit on a vulnerable spot, but

that is highly unlikely.

Even if it happens, the carrier will not sink.

For more infomation >> WHY IRAN CANNOT SINK A US SUPER CARRIER ? TOP 5 FACTS - Duration: 7:56.

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What Chris Hemsworth Was Like Before All The Fame - Duration: 5:16.

There's a lot you may not know about Australian hunk Chris Hemsworth from before he caught

his big break as Thor, Marvel's God of Thunder.

From scrapping with his brothers to starring on an Australian soap opera, here's what we

dug up about the hammer-wielding Avenger before he took Hollywood by storm.

Fashion forward

Given his rugged Hollywood image, it's somewhat surprising that as a young kid, Hemsworth

had a knack for, well, sewing.

"For some reason, cross-stitch was one that I enjoyed."

He told W Magazine, "I think it's because I couldn't afford any cool clothes, so I was

like, 'I'm gonna make them myself.'"

Hemsworth's interest in sewing faded when he tried unsuccessfully to make his own pants,

but the experience set him on the path to his future career.

He went on to explain,

"I had a different idea every week of what I wanted to do professionally.

I'd see movies and be inspired by things."

"I guess that's why acting fits, because I get to pretend to be all those things with

no great amount of risk or effort."

Sibling rivalry

Hemsworth has fond memories of growing up with two brothers — even if their childhood

antics sound more like Fight Club than a Hallmark movie.

On The Graham Norton Show, Hemsworth's brother Liam recalled the two of them fighting when

they were kids.

"Our childhood rivalry was a bit vicious — a bit like The Hunger Games"

He wasn't joking.

Apparently, during a fight in their kitchen, Liam threw a knife at Chris's head.

"The handle hit him in the head"

"OH!

The handle side go him!"

"Yea, it was a warning, it was like, if you mess with me, I'll throw a knife at your head."

A soap star

Though Chris and Liam found success in Hollywood, it was actually their oldest brother, Luke,

who found stardom first — in Australia.

After landing a role on the soap opera Neighbours in 2001, Luke quickly grew disillusioned with

acting and started his own flooring business where his younger brothers often worked.

In 2004, Chris followed in Luke's footsteps and landed a role on the popular soap opera

Home and Away, which led to "heartthrob status" down under — not to mention winning industry

awards.

Dancing down under

While starring on Home and Away, Hemsworth competed on Dancing With The Stars Australia

in 2006 — and lasted seven weeks.

It's a tidbit from his past that he doesn't normally bring up.

But during an appearance on The Tonight Show, Jay Leno surprised him with a clip from his

dancing competition days.

The audience applauded wildly, but Hemsworth assured them,

"That ended my dancing career."

Captain Kirk's dad

In 2007, Hemsworth left Home and Away — and Australia — to pursue an acting career in

Hollywood.

Before long, he made his big-screen debut in the 2009 reboot of Star Trek, playing Captain

Kirk's doomed father in an intensely emotional opening scene.

Despite that fast break, Hemsworth almost quit acting and moved back to Australia after

Star Trek.

He was turning heads, but the roles weren't exactly pouring in.

"I was ready to pack it in and come home.

It was like, 'This is killing me.'"

Work begets work

After a nine month dry spell, Hemsworth landed a role in Cabin in the Woods, a horror movie

produced by Joss Whedon, the Buffy the Vampire Slayer creator who would later go on to direct

Marvel's The Avengers.

Cabin didn't see the light of day until 2012, but it helped Hemsworth make an important

connection.

It was Whedon, along with Cabin in the Woods director Drew Goddard, who encouraged him

to re-audition for the title role in Thor, after he'd already auditioned once and been

rejected.

"Both of them were looking at the trades at this sort of top five guys for Thor and saying,

'Why aren't you in the mix here?

What happened?'

I said, 'I don't know.

I blew my audition, I guess.'"

After a supportive phone call from Whedon to Thor director Kenneth Branagh, Hemsworth

was back in the mix.

And the rest was history.

"I'm glad you know this."

"Know what?"

"I know that…"

"Know what?"

(laughs)

Superhero strength

After landing the coveted role of the God of Thunder, Hemsworth started preparing for

the role and quickly realized he needed to get bigger.

He told the Los Angeles Times, "They kept saying 'Yeah, get as big as you can, as big

as you can."

Months later, when he returned for a final camera test, he put on his costume and went

numb within a couple minutes.

His costume was altered, but the director still told him to cut back on his thickness.

"Ken said, it's good you know. You've got the size there. You should pull it back just a little bit.

It's just sorta blocky."

Hemsworth switched up his workout program to include more cardio and less heavy lifting

— though you wouldn't know it from watching the movie.

"It's a good look."

A Red remake

In 2012, a year after the success of Thor, Hemsworth appeared in a remake of the 1980s

classic Red Dawn.

With a Rotten Tomatoes score of just 13 percent, the movie wasn't exactly a hit.

It also seemed like an odd follow-up film for Hemsworth — and that's because it really

wasn't.

During the dry spell after Star Trek, Hemsworth landed Red Dawn in the same week he got the

title role in Thor.

And like Cabin in the Woods, the movie was actually shot before his Marvel days.

Regarding the delay in his earlier films, Hemsworth told MTV,

"During shooting, I didn't have any clue there would be problems.

And then afterwards, I heard there was a holdup and they were having some delays, and now

it's kind of a Benjamin Button thing.

As my films come out, I get younger and less experienced."

"It's like it upsets me now."

Thanks for watching!

Click the Looper icon to subscribe to our YouTube channel.

Plus check out all this cool stuff we know you'll love, too!

For more infomation >> What Chris Hemsworth Was Like Before All The Fame - Duration: 5:16.

-------------------------------------------

BREAKING: GOP Bill Proposes Devastating Slash To NFL Tax Breaks. - Duration: 2:28.

BREAKING: GOP Bill Proposes Devastating Slash To NFL Tax Breaks.

If Republicans manage to pass their tax reform plan, the NFL can kiss its tax break for stadiums

goodbye.

The newly proposed tax reform bill would kill the tax-exempt status for municipal bonds

used to finance stadium construction.

(Worth noting: this isn't an idea new to Trump or Republicans.

President Obama proposed ending the tax-free status for the bonds back in 2015, and the

stadium-finance bond provision has long been a target of tax reformers.)

Put simply, because nobody's here to delve through the intricacies of municipal construction

tax policy: when a team asks a city to kick in on a new stadium, the local government

issues municipal bonds to pay for its share.

Those municipal bonds are, at present, free from federal tax, saving investors a measurable,

significant, double-digit percentage of the overall cost … and, in turn, depriving the

federal treasury of significant potential revenue.

How much revenue are we talking here?

A fair amount.

Since 2000, the federal government has subsidized $3.7 billion in tax-exempt bonds for stadium

construction, according to Bloomberg.

A recent Brookings Institute study found that of 45 stadiums constructed between 2000 and

2016, 36 took advantage of the tax-free bonds.

(Yahoo News)

President Trump warned last month that this change could be coming.

"Why is the NFL getting massive tax breaks while at the same time disrespecting our Anthem,

Flag and Country?" Trump said on Twitter.

"Change tax law!"

White House Press Secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders also commented on the issue after

Trump's tweet.

Despite the NFL giving up its tax-exempt status in 2015, she said "it's been well documented

that billions of taxpayer dollars continue to subsidize the construction and renovation

of professional sports stadiums."

"If this industry is going to use money from American taxpayers to build the very

fields they play on, is it really too much to ask that they show respect for the American

flag at the beginning of the game?" she asked.

Not surprisingly, the NFL is pushing back on the proposal.

What do you think about this?

Please Share this news and Scroll down to comment below and don't forget to subscribe

top stories today.

For more infomation >> BREAKING: GOP Bill Proposes Devastating Slash To NFL Tax Breaks. - Duration: 2:28.

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UNREAL TOURNAMENT AWESOME GAMEPLAY! ep 1 - Duration: 8:48.

MY camera might not look good because its old i will get a new one

For more infomation >> UNREAL TOURNAMENT AWESOME GAMEPLAY! ep 1 - Duration: 8:48.

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Bevel Gear Modeling Demo- Fusion 360 - Duration: 16:29.

For more infomation >> Bevel Gear Modeling Demo- Fusion 360 - Duration: 16:29.

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Cool Things: The Stingy Brim Rude Boy Hat | Social Fabric - Duration: 1:10.

My name is Kyle. I made a show about clothes.

Here's some of the cool stuff I collected along the way.

Amazing.

(attempting Jamaican accent) This is the stingy brim, man.

It sounds too Italian.

(Italian accent) My name is Roberto Massimo.

This is the stingy brim.

The stingy brim is the quintessential Rude Boy hat.

This is a Trilby hat.

This hat was made by CA4LA, which is a Japanese hat company.

The legends say the rude boys didn't have a lot of money,

so they couldn't afford long enough brims.

Did I have trepidations wearing it? Yes.

But at the same, man,

it's like wearing women's underpants outside

going to Blockbuster. It feels so damn good.

Considered one of the most douchey hats ever made,

but for some reason,

I guess that's part about being a rude boy.

It's always breaking stereotypes.

The stingy trilby brim is cool because it's not cool.

For more infomation >> Cool Things: The Stingy Brim Rude Boy Hat | Social Fabric - Duration: 1:10.

-------------------------------------------

MID Server | Overview - Duration: 2:40.

This video is an overview of the MID Server, which the ServiceNow system uses to communicate with external systems.

The ServiceNow system interacts with external systems and applications…

…on the enterprise's local network…

…or in the public cloud.

ServiceNow applications like Discovery and Operational Intelligence interact with these external systems.

Also, the ServiceNow Import Sets module can import data from these external systems in Excel, XML, and other formats.

And the ServiceNow system can integrate with external applications like LDAP and Microsoft SCCM.

The ServiceNow system accesses those external systems and applications through a MID Server.

The MID Server is a Java application that runs as a Windows service or a UNIX daemon on a server on the enterprise's network...

... on a server on the enterprise's network, or in the cloud, like in an Amazon Web Services VPC.

You can have more than one MID Server to support larger or segmented networks or heavier traffic.

The MID Server provides communication and moves data between the external systems and the ServiceNow apps.

For example, with the Discovery app, the MID Server gets a probe from the app.

The MID Server sends the probe to an external system to gather information about the system.

The MID Server receives the information from the system…

…and sends it to the Discovery app.

The MID Server communicates securely with the ServiceNow instance using 128-bit TLS protocol...

…often through a firewall.

For added security, communication between the MID Server and the instance is always initiated by the MID Server, never by the instance.

This way there's no need for higher-risk inbound access through the corporate firewall.

MID Servers can be configured with the specific applications they support, like Service Mapping and Orchestration...

... and capabilities that determine what functions they can perform, like SSH, SNMP, VMware, PowerShell, and lots more.

Later videos in this series will show you how to use Guided Setup to install and configure a MID Server...

... and how to troubleshoot some common MID Server problems.

For more information, please consult our product documentation, knowledge base, or podcast.

Or ask a question in the ServiceNow Community.

For more infomation >> MID Server | Overview - Duration: 2:40.

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Additional Dogs Seized From Hoarding Operation In Peotone - Duration: 0:22.

For more infomation >> Additional Dogs Seized From Hoarding Operation In Peotone - Duration: 0:22.

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Election of Speaker - Duration: 13:37.

For more infomation >> Election of Speaker - Duration: 13:37.

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STRANGER THINGS THEME meets WEST COAST | ► Making a Stranger Things Hip Hop Beat 2018 - BOF #13 - Duration: 3:35.

For more infomation >> STRANGER THINGS THEME meets WEST COAST | ► Making a Stranger Things Hip Hop Beat 2018 - BOF #13 - Duration: 3:35.

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Ekattor Tv News 7 November 2017 Bangladesh latest news Today Bangla Breaking News BD News all Bangla - Duration: 15:35.

Ekattor Tv News 7 November 2017 Bangladesh latest news Today Bangla Breaking News BD News all Bangla

For more infomation >> Ekattor Tv News 7 November 2017 Bangladesh latest news Today Bangla Breaking News BD News all Bangla - Duration: 15:35.

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Exclusive Video: Parents Ticketed Outside Elementary School - Duration: 1:59.

For more infomation >> Exclusive Video: Parents Ticketed Outside Elementary School - Duration: 1:59.

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🌨 Noise of Rain: Sounds of Rain, Sound of Rain 💧 Rain with Lightning and Thunderstorms ⛈ Rain - Duration: 1:00:01.

For more infomation >> 🌨 Noise of Rain: Sounds of Rain, Sound of Rain 💧 Rain with Lightning and Thunderstorms ⛈ Rain - Duration: 1:00:01.

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Featuring Musician Megan Ni...

For more infomation >> Featuring Musician Megan Ni...

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For more infomation >> Featuring Musician Megan Ni...

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Turbo Fast Surf'N Turf & Hardcase Returns Part 6 - Duration: 3:18.

PLEASE LIKE, SHARE, COMMENT & SUBSCRIBE Videos! Thanks you very much!

For more infomation >> Turbo Fast Surf'N Turf & Hardcase Returns Part 6 - Duration: 3:18.

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For more infomation >> Turbo Fast Surf'N Turf & Hardcase Returns Part 6 - Duration: 3:18.

-------------------------------------------

Turbo Fast Surf'N Turf & Hardcase Returns Part 7 - Duration: 2:47.

PLEASE LIKE, SHARE, COMMENT & SUBSCRIBE Videos! Thanks you very much!

Oh, I just gotta save my laser pigs game

Okay, according to the GPS the turbo mobile is heading south on Sepulveda

All right, how's this for an epic plan? I'll violently crush you under that steamroller

Steamroller

You know doesn't that seem a little cartoony?

Hmm, maybe a little good thing my real plan is to send you flying cliff

Oh, yeah well

maybe you'll be a little more surprised when I

blast you with a salt cannon

Wait, that's not a real thing

What happening here

Damn he's gonna dump turbo in the top hits

So for thousands of years these very Tar Pits are where

Prehistoric creatures big and small met their horrific and gory deaths

now who wants juice boxes

Oh

Man, it's actually really good idea. I mean come on hardcase. Don't you think you can do better? Oh?

No, you've been dissing every idea. I've had, but I know this one's a winner. This is where I get off

Huh, thought that would work wait I got an idea fire up your engine

Perfect now we just need to launch ourselves off there rocks

Will swing us

Or that works too the next time you win a big race. We're just getting you a car

Yeah, I knew I should have just gone with a steamroller

what a day

Really

For more infomation >> Turbo Fast Surf'N Turf & Hardcase Returns Part 7 - Duration: 2:47.

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For more infomation >> Turbo Fast Surf'N Turf & Hardcase Returns Part 7 - Duration: 2:47.

-------------------------------------------

A Brief History of Geologic Time - Duration: 12:08.

The tale of life on Earth has been unfolding for about 4 billion years.

And we humans are just the last word on the last page of that story.

At least so far.

And the vast stretches of time that are covered by the history of life can be hard for us

to fathom.

We wrack our brains just trying to imagine what a few hundred years looks like, let alone

billions of years

And, like, speaking for myself, I can't even remember what I had for breakfast this

morning.

So, to help us comprehend the full expanse of time, scientists have turned to the rocks.

By looking at the layers beneath our feet, geologists have been able to identify and

describe crucial episodes in life's history -- from bursts of evolutionary diversity to

disastrous extinction events.

These key events -- of new life and sudden death -- frame the chapters in the story of

life on earth.

And the system we use to bind all these chapters together is the Geologic Time Scale.

First, let's talk about the history of geologic time itself.

'Cause figuring out how to read history in rocks was not easy.

For much of human history, of course, we had no idea how old the Earth was, or what actually

happened in deep time, or what happened in what order.

But in 1669, Danish scientist Nicolas Steno published the first laws of stratigraphy -- the

science of interpreting the strata, or layers of rock, in Earth's outer surface.

Steno argued that the layers closer to the surface must be younger than the layers below

them.

So the farther down you dig, he thought, the older the fossils are that you find there.

Sounds legit, right?

But in Steno's day -- when some people thought that fossils had literally fallen from the

sky, for some reason -- this was pretty revolutionary idea.

Building on Steno's ideas, Italian geologist Giovanni Arduino went a step further and began

naming the layers of rock.

In the 1760s, Arduino studied the Italian Alps, organizing their layers based on their

depth and composition.

The lowest layers of metamorphic and volcanic rocks, he called the Primary layer.

Above those were hard sedimentary rocks which he called Secondary.

And the top layers of softer alluvial deposits he named Tertiary and Quaternary.

But, because rock layers don't appear in this same order all over the world, there

was no way for geologists to compare rocks from one location to another.

Without a way to compare strata, there could be no universal time scale.

Finally, in 1819, English geologist William Smith figured out the solution to this problem:

fossils.

By comparing the remains of ancient organisms from different rock formations, Smith could

match their ages, regardless of how far apart they were.

For example, Smith realized that fossils of many early species of trilobites are found

below ammonite fossils, which are in turn below certain species of shellfish.

So, anyplace in the world where you find these first trilobites, you know that you're looking

at rock that's older than when ammonites lived.

And even in the most ancient rocks, that have little or no evidence of life, scientists

can still look for signs of the very earliest major geologic events, like when

continents first formed, and even when the Earth itself cooled and solidified.

Thanks to the work of early geologists like Steno, Arduino, and Smith, modern scientists

have used these and other clues to create what we now call the Geologic Time Scale,

or GTS.

The GTS has been reworked many times to reflect the latest knowledge of Earth's history.

And today, it's organized into five subgroups: Eons, Eras, Periods, Epochs

and Ages.

Organizing time in increments like this allows us to ask questions about history on different

scales.

In the largest increments -- like Eons and Eras -- we can ask the biggest of big-picture

questions.

Like, was there life on Earth at this time?

If there was, what did it look like?

Did it live in the water or on land?

This is the kind of top-level view we're gonna take today.

But the smaller increments of time, like Periods and Epochs, help us take a tighter focus and

ask more specific questions.

Like, what was the climate like during this window of a few million years?

And how did life around the world adapt to it?

We'll be talking about those in more detail in future episodes, when we talk about each

era, period by period.

OK!

So, let's get the biggest of Big Picture views of Earth's history right now, by taking

a tour of all the Eons and Eras in the GTS.

Eons are the largest slices of time, ranging from a half-billion to nearly 2 billion years

long.

And the earliest Eon is known as the Hadean.

It begins with the very formation of the Earth itself, around 4.6 billion years ago and ends

4 billion years ago.

And this is the only Eon that doesn't have fossils.

Because, back then, the world was just … hell.

Named after the Greek underworld Hades, the Hadean lived up to its name.

The planet was wracked by volcanic activity, cosmic bombardments, raging storms, and temperatures

that were at times hot enough to melt rock.

But even in this searing wasteland, life may have been able to form.

While no fossils have been found from this Eon, small amounts of organic carbon have

been discovered in Hadean rocks that some experts think is evidence of the earliest

life.

These first organisms were tiny and single celled, but they were eventually able to shape

the future of the entire planet, so their appearance is the one major benchmark of this

Eon.

The Hadean was brought to an end by the cooling of the Earth's crust, setting the stage

for continents to eventually form.

And this cooling marked the beginning of the next phase -- the Archean Eon, which ran from

4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago.

Named for the Greek word for 'origin', the Archean was once thought to be when the

first signs of life appeared.

But at the very least, it's fair to say it was the first time that life flourished,

forming mats of microbes in the primordial seas.

The fossils that these microbes left behind are called stromatolites, or sometimes, stromatoliths,

and the very oldest of them -- like those found in western Australia -- date from the

Archaean.

During this time, the atmosphere was mostly carbon dioxide, but the appearance of cyanobacteria

was about to change all that.

Then 2.5 billion years ago, the Archean gave way to the Proterozoic Eon, meaning 'earlier

life'.

And around this time, photosynthetic bacteria, along with some multicellular forms of life,

spewed tons of oxygen into the atmosphere.

This probably wiped out much of the anaerobic life on Earth.

BUT!

It cleared the path for crucial, new organisms, including the ancestral Eukaryotes, whose

cells each have a nucleus and organelles wrapped up in membranes.

Eukaryotes developed into the first really big, complex, and sometimes kinda weird forms

of life, like the frond-like Charnia and the plate-shaped Dickinsonia.

These new, larger organisms quickly diversified, and by 541 million years ago, we were at the

doorstep of the next and current eon, the Phanerozoic.

Its name means 'visible life,' and the Phanerozoic was when life really became … obvious.

This is the eon that's home to trees, dinosaurs, newts, aardvarks, and humans.

Basically, life as we know it.

Hoo!

How are you holding up? You doing OK?

We've covered about three and half billion years already!

Just got another half billion to go and then we're home free

OK, now, from here, it's best to explore the Phanerozoic Eon through its Eras, the

next level down in the divisions of time.

This'll let us explore more recent history in greater detail.

The first era of our current eon is the Paleozoic Era, which began 541 million years ago.

This chapter was defined by the diversification of visible life, and it started with a bang.

Actually, an explosion!

The Cambrian explosion.

This flurorescence of diversity and complexity in the world's oceans is such a huge deal

in the history of life that all of the eons that came before it -- the Hadean, Archean,

and the Proterozoic -- are collectively known as the Precambrian.

At the start of the Paleozoic, over about 25 million years, the fossil record suddenly

reveals the appearance of complex animals with mineralized remains.

Y'know, hard parts -- shells, exoskeletons, that kind of thing.

And the first of these new animals to become truly widespread were the trilobites.

They were so common all over the world that they've been used as index fossils for the

Palaeozoic Era for centuries, ever since the days of William Smith.

But the trilobites soon had competition.

Fish developed teeth and jaws, and came to dominate the seas, including the first sharks

and armored giants known as placoderms.

Meanwhile, the land, which had been barren since the formation of continents back in

the Archean, was finally being populated -- first by plants and then by arthropods.

By 370 million years ago entire ecosystems had developed on the primeval continents.

Soon after, the earliest amphibians evolved and hauled themselves out of the water, leaving

the first vertebrate footprints in the mud.

299 million years ago, the supercontinent Pangea had formed, with an enormous desert

at its center.

This desert was quickly populated by the ancestors of what would eventually become reptiles and

mammals, which could thrive in dry conditions, unlike amphibians.

But this time of incredible growth couldn't last forever.

and instead, the Palaeozoic Era ended in cataclysm.

252 million years ago, 70% of land vertebrates and 96% of marine species disappeared from

the fossil record, including survivors of previous extinctions, like our friends the trilobites.

I still miss those guys.

The event, known as the Great Dying, was the most severe extinction in our planet's history.

But its exact cause is still unclear.

A possible meteorite impact site off the coast of South AmericaIslands,

might be one clue.

And in Siberia, layers of basalt show that massive volcanic eruptions covered large swaths

of Pangea in lava.

Both of these incidents coincided with the end of the Palaeozoic, and it seems more than

likely that the extinction had many causes.

In any case, the Palaeozoic may have begun as a chapter defined by an explosion of life,

but it ended in nearly absolute death.

It took millions of years for life to recover, but when it did, a new world, The Mesozoic

Era, had arrived.

This is often called the Age of Reptiles, and with good reason.

Right from the start of the Mesozoic, reptiles were incredibly successful.

This is when they took some of their most famous forms, including dinosaurs, pterosaurs,

and a variety of marine species.

In fact, all of the non-avian dinosaurs lived only in the Mesozoic, so they remain one of

the best index fossils of this era.

And many modern groups of organisms also evolved in the shadow of the reptiles, like

mammals frogs, bees, and flowering plants.

But the Mesozoic Era came to an end 66 million years ago, with yet another episode of devastation,

known as the Cretaceous-Paleogene, or K-Pg, Extinction Event.

Like all mass die-offs, the K-Pg had many causes, but probably the biggest of them was

a gigantic asteroid that struck the earth, sending out enormous amounts of ash into the

atmosphere, blocking out sunlight, and creating a vicious cold snap across the planet.

Without the sun's energy, entire plant communities died, and the animals that relied on those

plants perished with them.

Evidence of this impact can be found in a layer of iridium, in rocks dating to the end

of the Mesozoic.

Iridium is an element that's rare on Earth, but very common in asteroids and comets.

And a giant impact crater in the Gulf of Mexico, whose age matches the date of this extinction

has become the smoking gun for the asteroid hypothesis.

The victims of the K-Pg Extinction were some of the biggest reptiles of the land, sea and

sky, including all of what we NOW call the non-avian dinosaurs.

Birds survived the cataclysm, of course, making them the last surviving lineage of the dinosaurs.

Ok we have 66 million years to go and

that's the last major extinction event that we have to

talk about. I thought you might want to

freshen up so I bought these

pre-moistened toilettes

just going to

you have

some Iridium

Here. On this side.

On your forehead. Other side.

With all of the great reptiles gone, the smaller animals that remained were able to eke out

a living in the next era, the Cenozoic.

This is our era, in more ways than one.

It's the era that we're in today, and it also marks the rise of the mammals.

Soon after the K-Pg extinction, the climate warmed, and jungles stretched across the planet.

Mammals quickly recovered in this hothouse world, and by 40 million years ago, most of

the mammal groups that we recognize had come about, like whales, bats, rodents and primates.

But, starting 34 million years ago, the climate began to shift again.

This time Ice caps started to grow at the poles, taking up much of the planet's water.

And these drier conditions created a new habitat, the grassland, where ancestral horses and

antelope were first hunted by the earliest cats and dogs.

It was also on these grassy plains 7 million years ago that a species of ape known as Sahelanthropus

became the first known primate to walk upright.

2.6 million years ago, the ice caps expanded even more, and the Earth entered a glacial period.

This is the one you hear referred to as The Ice Age.

Over the course of these last several million years, most modern lifeforms that we know

about developed and thrived, alongside giants like mammoths, ground sloths and saber-toothed

cats.

Once again, though, this era of lush diversity came to a morbid end: Starting around 15,000

years ago, the climate began to warm up.

And over the next few thousand years, many of the giant fauna went extinct.

By 11,700 years ago, the last major glaciation was over, and modern humans inhabited nearly

all corners of the globe.

But how big a role we played in the extinction of the so-called Ice Age megafauna is hotly

debated.

Regardless, there's no escaping the fact that our species has shaped the Earth to its

will since then.

Like cyanobacteria, and the dinosaurs before us, we've had a huge impact on habitats,

other organisms, and the biosphere itself.

And as we've learned today, it's the most dominant forms of life that define each phase

of deep time.

So, even though our time on this planet amounts to the last word on the last page of the story

of life, we are the authors of the next chapter.

One day, the epoch of humans may be detected by the marks we made on the land, the traces

of our cities and farms.

And our very bodies will be the index fossils of this time.

No matter how our chapter ends up, we get to be characters in a truly amazing story.

Thanks for joining me for this epic -- or ee pok -- journey through geologic time.

Now, what do you want to know about the story of life on Earth?

Let us know in the comments.

And don't forget to go to youtube.com/eons and subscribe!

And the fun doesn't end here!

Do yourself a favor and check out some of our sister channels from PBS Digital Studios.

For more infomation >> A Brief History of Geologic Time - Duration: 12:08.

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For more infomation >> A Brief History of Geologic Time - Duration: 12:08.

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BMW 1 Serie 114i High Executive | M-Sportpakket | Navi Professional | PDC V+A | Xenon | 17" | - Duration: 0:56.

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PillPack for Caregivers : Allison's Story - Duration: 2:06.

My mom is extraordinary and there is no one like her.

I'm Ali, I'm 43 years old and this is my mom Joan.

I'm Joan, and I'm 71 years young.

I was always one of the kids that liked to help my mother.

She was the good one.

I'd stop by the house at least once or twice a week just to help her out with things.

Making sure she has her groceries, get her to her doctor's appointments.

Making sure that she took the right medications at the right time.

it's a lot of work.

I worry about those things with her.

It's interesting to think about how much time I used to spend sorting pills.

They're all different, you have to take them specifically at a certain time.

Since we found PillPack, our life is so much easier.

The pills are sorted, they deliver them right to her doorstep.

I'm added to her account, and if there are any concerns they contact me.

It's very hands off, it just works.

I don't miss doses, that's the great part.

And I know if I've taken my pills because the date and time are printed right on the packet.

We're a good team.

It's about looking for shortcuts to help us save time.

She's a busy woman with her own family, she doesn't need to be worrying about me.

I can worry about other things now, but her taking her medication

at the right time is not one of them.

For more infomation >> PillPack for Caregivers : Allison's Story - Duration: 2:06.

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Bob Parsons' Marine Corps Birthday & Veterans Day Salute - Duration: 7:44.

Hi I'm Bob Parsons and I'm proud to be an American entrepreneur, US Marine and a

Vietnam veteran. I founded YAM worldwide,

Parsons Extreme Golf and GoDaddy.com I'm joined here today by this incredible

group of veterans from all three companies. This November the tenth marks the

two hundred and forty second birthday of the United States Marine Corps

followed by Veterans Day on November the 11th. This year is also the 35th

anniversary of the Vietnam veterans memorial wall which will be commemorated

with a week of special events held in Washington DC leading up the Veterans

Day. As a tribute to these special dates in history we've created a video to

celebrate the men and women who defend this great country of ours we're also

partnering with the Semper Fi fund to provide financial support for wounded

critically ill and injured members of all branches of the US Armed Forces and

their families. Last year with your help we raised more than 20 million dollars

this money changed the lives of veterans across the nation and we want to do even

better this year. Here's how it works visit semperfifund.org give what you can

and the Bob and Renee Parsons foundation will match your donation dollar for

dollar up to ten million dollars. Together we can raise even more than the

twenty million dollars we raised last year to help the heroes who have

sacrificed so much for all of us. Now enjoy our annual birthday salute to the

United States Marine Corps and if you have served or serving in the Army, Navy

Air Force, or Coast Guard know that this video was also for you so happy birthday

mother green, happy Veterans Day one and all, semper fi

and a very special message to all of you from those of us who served in Vietnam

welcome home

shores of tripley we fight our country

first you can fight

Oh knighted States mom

Vietnam veterans were the only troops who fought for our country and we're

never welcome Tony instead of ticker tape parades and large

marching bands many Vietnam vets upon returning home were met by anti-war

protesters and chastise them for their part in the Vietnam War to recognize and

remember our Vietnam vets especially those who made the ultimate sacrifice

the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was built entirely with private donations and

dedicated 35 years ago on Veterans Day a wall contains over 58,000 names of men

and women lost their lives in the Vietnam War and so it is the more than

58,000 memorialized by the wall were there for eternity

whispering to all who served in the Vietnam War what America couldn't bring

itself to say welcome home the Vietnam Veterans Memorial was dedicated to the

2.7 million u.s. servicemembers most men and women who served in the Vietnam War

more than half of the service members listed on the wall were under the age of

22 the largest age group on the wall is made up of 19 year olds a 15 year old

marine is the youngest name on the wall

the names of eight women all nurses appear on the wall

900 service members died on their first day in Vietnam 1400 service members died

on their last day their scheduled departure day to this day names are

still being added to the wall

For more infomation >> Bob Parsons' Marine Corps Birthday & Veterans Day Salute - Duration: 7:44.

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WHY IRAN CANNOT SINK A US SUPER CARRIER ? TOP 5 FACTS - Duration: 7:56.

Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) Navy Commander Rear Admiral Ali Fadavi downplayed

Washington's military buildup in the Persian Gulf, and had said the IRGC speedboats have

the needed capability to sink the US aircraft carriers.

Fadavi had said in a meeting with a delegation of Oman's National Defense College in Tehran:

"The US is not in such conditions that it can threaten us in action, yet it continues

making verbal threats,"

Lieutenant Commander of the IRGC Navy General Alireza Tangsiri said:

Iran has armed IRGC Navy's speed boats with long-range 'Qader' cruise missiles which

can destroy maritime targets including frigates and warships.

In the Noble Prophet 9 exercises conducted in the Straits of Hormuz, Iran constructed

a mock aircraft carrier and proceeded to attack it.

The attack was carried out with anti ship missiles, mines and a simulated commando raid,

which involved troops landing on the flight deck via helicopter and attacking the carrier's

superstructure.

But a test scenario is different from real life war.

In this video, Defense Updates analyzes WHY IRAN CANNOT SINK A US SUPER CARRIER ?

Iran's naval power has even been acknowledged by foes.

In a Sep. 11, 2008 report, the Washington Institute for the Near East Policy said that

in the two decades since the Iraqi imposed war on Iran, the IRGC has excelled in naval

capabilities and is able to wage unique asymmetric warfare against larger naval forces.

According to the report, the IRGC Navy has been transformed into a highly motivated,

well-equipped, and well-financed force and is effectively in control of the world's

oil lifeline, the Strait of Hormuz.

The Nimitz-class super carriers are a class of 10 nuclear-powered aircraft carriers in

service with the United States Navy, apart from that US has recently commissioned the

USS Gerald Ford.

All these have displacement of around 100000 tons, and overall length of 332.8 m (1,092feet).

To give viewers a perspective, it is about 3 football fields long.

These are nuclear powered , have practically unlimited endurance and have been used to

project power far off from US mainland.

While the threat that small boats pose to major warships has been apparent for some

time, the Pentagon's Millennium Challenge 2002 exercise brought the issue to mainstream

attention.

In that controversial exercise, small fast boats carrying suicide payloads inflicted

heavy damage on U.S. naval forces.

US Navy has updated its strategy to counter these kinds of attacks.

Most small boats lack the range to find and successfully attack aircraft carriers in the

open sea.

Any boats that did find a carrier battle group would need to navigate a formation of well-armed

helicopters and escort warships, most of which would boast actual Phalanx gun systems that

could chew small vessels to pieces.

The Qader supersonic missile developed by Iran has a range of about 185 miles or 300

km, is self-guided, and can maneuver to lock onto a moving target.

The missile is cheap, easy to launch and can be deployed in "swarms."

Together with decoys and chaff.

Theoretically it is formidable challenge for defending naval vessels but in practice , things

are different.

Here are the technical problems of using this missile :

1.

185 miles or 300 km means that anything in the Persian Gulf is within easy range of the

missile.

But outside the Persian Gulf, in the Gulf of Oman, the US Navy can romp with ease, beyond

the range of the Iranian threat, but well within the operational range of the US carriers.

The launch platforms of these missile could be neutralized from far off.

2.

Inside the Persian Gulf also, there is a problem.

The missile's maneuverability is limited because the steering fins are small, to avoid

drag during supersonic flight.

Therefore, the missile can make steering corrections of perhaps 1/2 mile in the last few miles

of approach.

This probably explains why all tests so far, have been with static targets.

US carrier on the other hand will perform evasive maneuvers.

Though massive , US aircraft carrier can move surprisingly fast with a top speed of more

than 30 knots, or about 35 miles an hour.

3.

The missile has a 200-kilogram warhead.

The warhead could potentially damage a super carrier but won't be able to sink it since

the carrier are designed with compartments and the damaged parts can be sealed off.

It also must me noted that the carriers have kevlar protection on important parts.

It must be noted that the super carriers are not alone but are protected by squadron of

at least two Raleigh Burke-class destroyers and Virginia class attack submarine.

Apart from that, multiple Boeing E-3 Sentry Airborne Warning and Control System (AWACS)

support them.

Arleigh Burke-class warships are designed as multi mission destroyers capable of Anti

Aircraft Warfare (AAW), Anti Submarine Warfare (ASW), Ballistic Missile Defense (BMD) and

Anti Surface warfare (ASuW).

Arleigh Burke class destroyers are among the largest destroyers in the world.

These can operate in open sea or coastal waters.

These are equipped especially to protect the super carriers.

These have Tomahawk cruise missile for Land attack, RIM-66M Standard medium range SAM

for air defense and RIM-161 Standard Ballistic missile for AEGIS ballistic missile defense

These also has 2 × Mk 141 Harpoon Missile Launcher for Anti Ship role.

2 × Mark 32 triple torpedo tubes are present for launching Mk-46 or Mk-50 torpedoes

2 MH-60R Seahawk LAMPS III helicopters are also present for Anti Submarine Warfare.

Other than these, they are equipped with long-range naval gun and multiple Close In Weapon System.

Virginia class is designed to take out enemy surface vessel, submarines as well can strike

ground targets.

It has 12 VLS (Vertical Launch System) & 4 torpedo tubes and is capable of launching

Tactical Tomahawks, Harpoon missile and Mark 48 torpedoes.

Boeing E-3 is designed to provide a holistic view of the battle space and will be able

to detect incoming missiles from long ranges.

The pulse-Doppler radar in it has a range of more than 250 mi (400 km) for low-flying

targets like the Qader missile.

The QADER missile could somehow manage to get past all the sophisticated security and

anti-missile protection on the carrier and get a lucky hit on a vulnerable spot, but

that is highly unlikely.

Even if it happens, the carrier will not sink.

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