Youtube daily report Oct 23 2017

Lately, the word BREXIT has become a synonym for APOCALYPSE for most of the media.

At least, the media outside of UK...

There are many things to be said about this but… today, we are going to focus on this.

"Goldman Sachs to move hundreds of staff out of London"

And… this is just one example.

At the time we are making this video, 20 banks have already announced that they will move

part of their staff out of UK.

The most optimistic estimations claim that the City of London might loose over 30,000

workers…

And the most pessimistic argue that this could be as high as 200,000 people.

But wait a minute here!

Why is this this important?

Well, if you've been following VisualPolitik for a while, you already know that London

is the global financial capital.

More specifically, that would be the City of London, also known as the square mile.

The square mile is a city inside of a city where most of the international banks have

their headquarters.

Yes, even after Brexit, the chances are London might keep their sway on the financial markets

in Asia or even America.

But… so far, European business accounts for 35% of the City's workload.

And, of course, leaving the European Union is going to have some consequences.

And now you might wonder…

Well, where will all these banks go?

Which city will be the new European financial capital?

Well… after months of competition, it seems we do have a winner:

"Banks and companies plan expansion in Frankfurt after Brexit'

So far it looks as if Frankfurt is going to become the new financial powerhouse in Europe,

and perhaps, one of the most important in the entire world.

But…

What does Frankfurt have that other cities like Madrid or Paris don't?

Well, today, we are going to answer to this question, but before we do, let's take a

look back at the history…

WHY BANKS ARE LEAVING THE CITY?

The City of London is an area of about a square mile (see where the name comes from?) inside

broader London.

They have their own laws, their own major and, even, their own police.

This little space is home for the major international banks.

300,000 people work in the City, and from this 300,000 people, 60,000 are European immigrants

who came into the country thanks to the UK being a part of the European Union.

And…

OK, my dear countrymen, I know what you are thinking: Despite being an EU country, the

UK never was really inside the free circulation area.

This means that, theoretically, the British Government could have closed their borders

to all those immigrants anytime they wanted.

But, in practice, European citizens were getting in and out of the country as they pleased.

Nevertheless, things are going to change.

The British Prime Minister, Conservative Theresa May, holds an extremely weak position.

This is despite the fact that she won the general election in June.

She has lost a large number of seats in parliament.

In fact, it's not even clear if she will finish her term...

And, of course, people from in and out of her party are pushing her to increase

immigration controls.

This would have a big impact in the City of London, indeed a bigger impact than anywhere

else in UK.

As we said in another video, part of London's success comes from their ability to attract

talent from all over the world.

But, if the government closes its doors to foreigners, those banks who hire immigrants

will have it significantly harder than before.

And make no mistake!

This is not only due to the BREXIT.

In fact, the anti immigrant sentiment in UK has gone well beyond the borders of European

Union...

"Theresa May to charge companies £2,000 a year for each non-EU worker they employ."

But wait a minute because there's more!

As I said, Theresa May and her conservative party have lost a good share of the seats

in parliament.

And where did those seats go?

Well, they went to the Labour party, a party whose leader, Jeremy Corbin, has declared

war on the banks.

On his election manifesto, he already proposed things like this:

"Labour calls for UK financial transaction tax"

Until now, this tax was one of the biggest advantages the UK had over the EU.

As you might know, Brussels has been years debating the possibility of having a financial

transaction tax.

This is the something bankers really don't want - no one wants to pay it.

But if UK's parliament ends up passing such a law, a lot of companies will be wondering

if they still want to keep their offices in London.

In other words… even if the Brexit negotiations end up being great for the UK's interests,

the air is still becoming more and more poisonous for the UK's financial industry.

And this explains why so many banks are starting to think about opening offices out of this

country.

But, now the question is: Why are they choosing Frankfurt?

Well, let's have a look at that…

EUROPE'S FINANCIAL CAPITAL?

On the very day after the Brexit referendum, the race to take over London as the global

financial capital started.

For example, in Spain, the regional government of Madrid launched their own advertising campaign

designed to attract bankers.

Even the Finance Minister, LUIS DE GUINDOS held personal meetings with executives from

JP Morgan and elsewhere to offer special tax conditions.

In Paris, Emmanuel Macron has already announced lower taxes for banks in order to lure them

in from London.

But… sorry guys, it's really hard to beat the allure of FRANKFURT.

Standard Chartered Plc, Nomura Holdings Inc. and Daiwa Securities Group Inc. have picked

Germany's financial capital for their EU base to ensure continued access to the single

market.

Citigroup Inc., Goldman Sachs Group Inc. and Morgan Stanley are weighing a similar decision

But… what is so special about this city?

Well… first of all, Frankfurt already has the headquarters of the European Central Bank,

as well as other big banks like Deutsche Bank.

This means, they already have the network effect we always mention here at VisualPolitik.

They have lots of startups, law firms, consultants, etc…

Besides, Frankfurt has many business schools with international prestige, as well as a

university and the second biggest airport in Europe.

If this was not enough, 70% of the German population speak English fluently.

This means those British banks can send their managers to Frankfurt, hold international

meetings, and even hire locals without having to worry about language.

If you think this is not important, good luck trying to find the same in France, where only

39% of the people speak English.

Not to mention Spain, where this percentage is lower at only 25%.

But hold on a minute because there's more!

As I said in a previous video, Germany is a decentralized country.

This means regional governments and trade unions have way more autonomy here than in

any other country.

Thanks to this political architecture, the region of Hessen, where Frankfurt is located,

can offer things like this: German labour laws (…) make it difficult

to fire people (…) Frankfurt had initially proposed a change in labour laws that would

exempt either bankers, or high earners more generally, from the rules.

OK, but now let's think about something else…

If you have a bank and you want to set up your offices somewhere… what is the first

thing you would need?

Well, that would be a building!

You need a physical place where you can put your offices...

Well, in this regard, Frankfurt is better suited than anywhere else.

You see… after World War II, Frankfurt was totally destroyed.

And they had to rebuild it, almost from nothing.

In other German cities, urban laws forbid the building of skyscrapers in order to maintain

a uniform, more traditional skyline.

But not in Frankfurt - here you can make buildings as high as you want.

This explains why, despite a population smaller than 1 million inhabitants, Frankfurt looks

like a big metropolis.

Further, Germany has one of the cheapest real estate markets in all of Europe.

Despite the high salaries, houses, rents and square meters are half of the price of Paris.

And a fraction of the cost of London…

OK, OK, but now I know what you are thinking: 'Come on Simon!

But what about those corporate tax?

Ay?".

Well, yes, I know…

Germany has a corporate tax that, in some cases, reaches to 30%...

By comparison the UK is at 20%.

And you are right, but the devil really is in the details here.

Do you remember how I said Germany is highly decentralized?

Well… this applies to corporate tax too.

In this country, corporate tax is divided in two parts: a national and a regional one.

This means the Federal Government gets only 15% of this tax.

The rest depends on the region.

This means, technically, the State of Hessen, where Frankfurt is, really has the ability

to reduce this tax.

And of course, doing this might lure more and more British bankers.

And finally, if none of this was enough for you, here it comes the big finale: the financial

transaction tax - that tax we mentioned before that might scare away so many bankers.

That tax, at least in Europe, has about as many loopholes as possible.

There are so many exceptions on this tax that even his biggest supporter, the German Finance

Minister, Wolfgang Schaeuble, complained with these words:

"Even a Swiss cheese needs more than holes.

There has to be something in between them, otherwise it's just a hole, not a Swiss

cheese."

– Wolfgang Schaeuble So now we have a question for you: Imagine

you are the manager of one of those London Banks - what would you do?

Would you remain in London?

Or, perhaps you would move your offices to Frankfurt?

Let us know what you think in the comments below…

Meanwhile, if you want to know more about how London became such a financial powerhouse,

do click on this other video.

Also, remember to visit RECONSIDER MEDIA . COM, the podcast that provided the vocals on this

video that are not mine.

And don't forget we publish brand new videos every Monday and every Thursday so hit that

subscribe button and you will not miss any post.

And if you liked this video, give us a thumbs up and, as always, I'll see you in the next

video.

For more infomation >> Will FRANKFURT replace THE CITY after BREXIT? - VisualPolitik EN - Duration: 11:09.

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Lecrae, Liza Koshy, Redman & Alexandra Shipp Today! | Weekdays at 3:30pm | #TRL - Duration: 13:52.

For more infomation >> Lecrae, Liza Koshy, Redman & Alexandra Shipp Today! | Weekdays at 3:30pm | #TRL - Duration: 13:52.

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TORNEO NUEVO CLASH ROYALE NOMBRE gamespain contra jota | CLASH ROYALE ESPORTS | DIRECTO ESPAÑA - Duration: 3:19:24.

For more infomation >> TORNEO NUEVO CLASH ROYALE NOMBRE gamespain contra jota | CLASH ROYALE ESPORTS | DIRECTO ESPAÑA - Duration: 3:19:24.

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LAMBORGHINI BIRTHDAY SURPRISE!! - Duration: 13:24.

what is going on Sharer's welcome to the vlog welcome to another awesome day all

majors shoutout to the Sharerghini sharer's I got Carter Sharer a special surprise if you

didn't know today is actually his birthday and he's gone right now he's at

the end of the drive right now he's riding the drift carts throughout the

neighborhood and his big surprise is on its way so I'm trying to keep Carter

away I'm like yeah just go ride the drift carts for a while well a special

package comes and gets delivered and I'll set up then hopefully he'll come

back just in time and he'll see the awesome surprise in the meantime I told

him I was gonna wash the share Dini get it all clean for his birthday so let's

get to work washing this thing

Oh Carter what happened why did you come back already

Oh No Carter ripped off the drift cartwheel no it's flopping like crazy

yeah sure take this out I drifted it has to real broke off Oh No look at the

shares the wheel broke this piece just totally broke off Oh No okay sure we got

a cord out if you're somehow oh you got it fixed okay cool

yeah go ahead a ride I'll be done cleaning the chair again you soon a few

moments later Oh guess who's here the surprise is here

it came in this car shares the surprises here

okay shares we got the surprise delivered it's inside the house it's

waiting for Carter we should go find Carter Carter where are you what's

upstairs welcome to the blog they're gonna try to land a front-flip for the

first try they get one try each their shares everywhere today

who's that first not bad not bad front flip Oh

all right say love we gotta go all right Carter let's go inside

whoo don't hit the Sheree Guinea whoo let's go let's go

Oh surprise happy birthday how you like it well that's awesome no way the shirt

sharing any cake all the way four and a half hours away they drove it all the

way up here yeah you want to see who made it yeah hey Liz come upstairs

Carter here's the tape masters

I got hit I got hit first everywhere Oh

nerf war like crazy yeah look how cool this looks cards got the license plate

and everything on it and check out the interior it looks just like the car on

the inside it's got the diamond stitching and everything oh wow the

attention to detail is incredible Anne's got to share the love logo on the front

oh yeah check that out it looks so good Carter and the flavor of it is mint

chocolate chip oh it's my favorite flavor but this is this is like one

snack I never want to eat what's car turd I'm ready to eat them

starving no but it looks so good I can't just eat it no we gotta eat it the

shares here it is Carter's birthday cake this is so awesome a major shout-out to

a solid for hooking us up with this awesome sculpted shared any cake check

it out they all made this this is so awesome they delivered at 4 and a half

hours just to come to our house to deliver this it's so cool well Carter

here's your birthday present oh thank you so much having a birthday party

remember oh yeah now we're gonna go outside we're gonna do some fun and

games whoo uh-oh Cher's car is about to bring out the giant Nerf cannon this is

gonna be crazy whoo you guys ever seen the giant nerf

cannon yeah have you ever seen in real life no okay be prepared this is crazy

car is it gonna work you think oh yeah it's gonna work you ready how many

seconds of hairspray I'm thinking six let's do it my spiderweb let's count six

seconds ready one two three four five six

uh-oh here we go let's see we're luck all right stand back stand back all

right get the countdown here we go three two one Wow

look at that thing go oh that was crazy what was that like that was cool wasn't

it putting grease in there now you want to go in it you want to get fired out of

it now super danger share is definitely don't do that at home oh yeah you're

driving the Sheri Guinea how do you like it I think you're the first subscriber

to jump in the Sheri guinea that's awesome dude

oh you're hopping in now how do you like to share guinea

liz is there any koi today I hope they're eating I don't know they might

be sleeping because it's cold out Oh Liz I forgot the snake might still be in the

pond oh my gosh let's go look for it uh-oh where is that snake Cher's come

right now if you see a snake you guys see the snake

keep your eyes open there is the snake somewhere in the pond

we just don't know if it's gonna come out right now oh I think I see a koi oh

I see one there's an orange one oh cars can give you around a TV you ready yeah

I have you ever been on one before goes fast you gotta hang on tight yeah it

goes really fast I gotta hang on one let's go everyone scoot back a little

bit oh yeah there we go you're gonna hug that everyone's gonna

hug the person in front of them like that oh yeah you ready

Oh oh yeah don't go too fast card a whoo ah they're

going down a hill oh that was so steep that was crazy how

was it that was totally awesome were you guys scared a little bit yeah

if it was it fun yeah next we're going to do is take Idris and jiulong onto the

trampoline you ready to go in terrible need do a backflip in a wild car do you

think you still got it oh nice there you go you still got it all right

head Reese you're up yeah there we go now you're up oh yeah all right you got

a trick down I like that all right you're up next

you ready see what you got oh that's awesome

okay Liz you're up yeah oh this is uh oh yeah all right I'm gonna do backflip

whoo see we're gonna try a backflip let's see if you can still do it same

whoa whoa that was a crazy backflip whoa that's so much fun oh yeah we got our

backflips in we're now gonna head down to the basement we're gonna give I'd

recent jewel on some more swag because any time a chair comes to the house they

can't leave empty-handed you can sell the Honda box for it are you gonna go

inside it oh oh Carter Liz hide Reese is gonna go inside

the haunted box for it's gonna be scary

it's really scary in there oh you thought haunted box were you gonna do it

here you want to try it you're gonna you're daring enough to go

in you're gonna go inside the Haunted box for it the triple dog dare you to go

inside go get to count to 10 to be there for 10 seconds yeah yeah you want to go

in with your sister you want to go in you want to go in with him in the

morning you don't like going into the Honda box for that night yeah okay then

what's your vote okay what the light poles plugged in well you got to go all

the way in then we gotta close the door after the County pen okay so you already

there inside the haunted box for three four

how was that was that scary you sure yeah yeah it's a

little scary oh yeah yeah you're wubble bubble you can you pack with his fidget

spinners and the spin cards you got so much stuff you can hardly even hold it

oh yeah definitely did not leave him empty-handed

he brought us something awesome thank you so much for bringing that for Carter

yeah what for coming with the awesome share genie cake alright you gotta give

me a hug thank you so much thank you so much for coming

oh you made Carter's birthday so awesome yeah the author wants to say bye yeah

honor doesn't want you guys well Carter that's the real show guinea I got it all

nice and clean fees you can drive it yeah I can't wait they drove all the way

from North Carolina just to bring me my birthday cake let's go look at it again

oh that's so awesome I love it it's the coolest thing I've ever seen we saw them

make that a big share a guinea cake for Norris so I reached out to them I said

can you please make one for Carter's birthday and what do you know it's here

a lot check it out shares so remember shares if you ever want to share

anything cool with us don't forget to tag us on Instagram yeah look at this

cake cherry this is totally epic I can't believe that this is actually like a

cake it looks like just like the share a guinea I can't believe it's like edible

every piece of this car is edible and you can eat it it's a coolest part and

it's mint chocolate chip it smells so good I know but I don't even want to

touch it I don't want to eat it I don't want to like cut into it I'm like too

scared because I just want to look at it it's so amazing look at the interior

there's seats in here and that's the same like stitching pad or the steering

wheel there's a radio there's the emergency brake it's got the doors it's

got everything even has the share the love logo on the hood they share the

love on the hood the little Lamborghini bloom and check out the wheels look at

the wheels on this side that's so cool these wheels they look so awesome when I

just bite the wheel off oh would see if it's even got a license plate look at

this and the license plate says share on it that's FA oh yeah sure it's got to be

the coolest birthday cake I've ever seen comment right now what part you want to

eat comment hashtag #Lambo in which part Minnie first hmm I think I'm gonna eat

the wheel oh you know what I would start with what I would start with the little

mirror here I'd pull it off and just eat it or a little snack in peace little oh

yeah it's a little snack Oh Carter you got to make a wish you gotta make we got

to like this can up and you got a make-a-wish feeling there yeah ideas go

up on the lighter chairs let's all wish Carter happy birthday right now and

smash that like button

we do because human backflips like Roman Atwood sitting at the top afraid I might

miss you gotta be brave to take that risk

Ryan I got the weightless feel landing the water feels so unreal flip it up now

just take a breath all these thoughts here you know the rest

I'll never cover bore with the massive is always neck and I don't eat meal with

him if these two hydro dip jumping off the jet skis with the backflip now you

know where the sheriff grows lime green lever with the under

in a million that's what we do join the Sharer Fam,

let's it two, Subscribe!

For more infomation >> LAMBORGHINI BIRTHDAY SURPRISE!! - Duration: 13:24.

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I Almost Gave Up · Inktober Day #23 - Duration: 4:34.

Alright guys, it's day 23, we are so close to the very last week of this challenge.

And today was my hardest one yet.

Not so much the drawing, just you know, having the motivation to do it.

This house is haunted by a very hungry monster, and I don't think the house stands much

of a chance against that big mouth.

So…

I woke up late today, and when I wake up late, I always feel like the day's been wasted,

so I just waste the rest of it.

I spent hours in bed, window shopping for a chest of drawers online, trying to think

of ways I could change my room around a bit, since it's starting to feel a bit…

I dunno, I just want a change in here.

I love decorating and planning a new project, taking measurements and I want to love my

space again.

By five in the evening, I still hadn't drawn anything.

And this is why I've liked pre-recording videos when I can, because I knew I'd have

days like this, because I always have days like this.

I was lucky this time because I'm already so far into the challenge, if I'd hit this

kind of hurdle on day two, it's very likely that I would've given up.

But I've done so much, I've got a 22-day video streak, and I had no more pre-recorded

videos.

I've had comments here and there saying that if I'm struggling it's fine for me

to miss a day and catch up and I appreciate that, but it's really a last resort for

me.

This challenge is for me to treat art as work, because it's my job, and sometimes I'm

gonna have no choice.

I don't like the thought of calling in sick when I'm not actually sick, but I also know

the importance of taking a break to recover physically and mentally.

I'm trying to teach myself this month, that I can work hard and I can push myself out

of a zone I feel comfortable in.

And, at the end of the day, if I know I'll feel worse for NOT doing it than I will if

I make myself do it, then I need to learn how to get past the procrastination.

So I followed the same kind of steps from my 'not in the mood to draw' video, and

also some from my 'creative rut' video I did a while ago.

Let myself lay in bed all day, with the constant thought in my mind that was gonna have to

do this at some point in my day.

I reminded myself that it would only take like half an hour, an hour tops, and once

I did it, I could stop thinking about it, crawl back into bed and get back to the IKEA

website.

Without letting myself think too much about the whole process, definitely not thinking

about editing and uploading the video, I just started out by getting my sketchbook.

Sketching out a house in the comfort of my bed.

Then I took my sketchbook to my desk, got my pen, set up my camera, all things that

have become like muscle memory over the last few weeks.

I didn't prepare any ink washes because that felt like too much effort, I just turned

the camera on and started drawing.

Once the drawing was done, the only next logical step was to get my inks sorted, and that took

way less effort than I'd expected, I didn't even have to move from my seat.

In the meantime, the drawing wasn't turning out exactly how I hoped.

I had some issues with my ink running and spreading and at the end I even dropped my

brush, freshly loaded with black ink, onto my almost finished drawing.

But I just kind of focused on carrying on, I had some cheesy music on, Blue and some

Disney, so I sang a long a bit and tried to enjoy the nostalgia of it.

And when I finished this drawing I jumped straight into recording the next one, while

I had the momentum going.

Just in case I feel worse tomorrow.

I'm tired now but I'm glad I did it, and I knew I would do it.

You don't have to worry about me pushing myself too hard, if I have to take a day off,

I'll respect my body and mind and I will.

But I knew in the back of my mind that I had it in me today, and I knew if I didn't do

it, I'd regret it.

So thanks for watching, thanks for all your kind comments and for being part of this community.

I love the interaction with you all and if it wasn't for you, I really wouldn't have

got this far.

I'm gonna have such a good sleep tonight, and I'll see you tomorrow for the next one.

Bye!

For more infomation >> I Almost Gave Up · Inktober Day #23 - Duration: 4:34.

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Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic - Graphics Comparison: Original Xbox vs. Xbox One S - Duration: 1:14.

[XBOX SOUND]

[MUSIC]

[XBOX SOUND]

For more infomation >> Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic - Graphics Comparison: Original Xbox vs. Xbox One S - Duration: 1:14.

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Congressman On Donald Trump-John Kelly's "Autocratic Tendencies" | The Beat With Ari Melber | MSNBC - Duration: 11:47.

For more infomation >> Congressman On Donald Trump-John Kelly's "Autocratic Tendencies" | The Beat With Ari Melber | MSNBC - Duration: 11:47.

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Halo 3, High Ground - Graphics Comparison: Xbox 360 vs. Xbox One X - Duration: 1:15.

[XBOX SOUND]

[MUSIC]

[XBOX SOUND]

For more infomation >> Halo 3, High Ground - Graphics Comparison: Xbox 360 vs. Xbox One X - Duration: 1:15.

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LA LEY DE LA ATRACCIÓN REALIDAD O FICCIÓN con Sergio Ramos - Conferencia - Duration: 58:25.

For more infomation >> LA LEY DE LA ATRACCIÓN REALIDAD O FICCIÓN con Sergio Ramos - Conferencia - Duration: 58:25.

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CLNC Consultant Caryn Jaffe Discusses Her Role in IV Therapy Legal Nurse Consultant Jobs - Duration: 3:44.

This is CLNC® Consultant Caryn Jaffe.

Caryn, I know you're a specialist in IV cases as a Certified Legal Nurse Consultant.

What kinds of issues do you have, what kinds of cases?

I find a lot of cases where there is an IV that has failed as well as a lot of extravasation

cases where there is a vesicant involved and there's tissue death.

These situations require a lot of extra treatment, pain and suffering for the patient and sometimes

even death, depending on the drug.

You've actually had cases where somebody has died?

Yes, I have.

That could be pretty severe.

How do you build your case, working for either plaintiff or defense?

What do you do to prove, or disprove that there's an issue?

I look at the records as a whole.

I go through them and try to pick out any other themes that might be there that might

have influenced the patient's care, such as their treatment.

I look to see what doctors are involved and figure out who else is involved in this case,

who helped the patient and who definitely did not help the patient.

And then I start to get into the nitty-gritty of the details.

Was it the drug that caused the problem or was there some sort of issue where the patient

had a bad outcome specifically because a certain medication was either given or not given?

Are there any other tips that you have for people working on IV therapy cases?

Yes.

Know the IV device.

A lot of times it's not taken into consideration because people think a PICC line is a PICC

line and an Arrow catheter is an Arrow catheter.

But each different line from each different manufacturer has specific recommendations

on how to treat that line, how to troubleshoot that line and what to do with it if something

goes wrong and finally, when to pull it.

I think you're also bringing up a good point.

I know this is your specialty and so often, especially for IV therapy issues, we think

any nurse can handle these legal nurse consultant jobs, but you're pointing out that, depending

on the situation, it might be good to call in a specialist like yourself.

The reason I would suggest that is because we've been in the trenches troubleshooting

these devices.

If something goes wrong and we're trying to figure out how to fix it we first have to

determine what is wrong.

Is it just a positional line where you can't get blood return because somebody doesn't

have the right head turn, or isn't taking a deep breath in, or is it really a fractured

line or non-functional line that could actually cause harm to the patient?

Thank you Caryn for those tips today.

For more infomation >> CLNC Consultant Caryn Jaffe Discusses Her Role in IV Therapy Legal Nurse Consultant Jobs - Duration: 3:44.

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Kallmann syndrome - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology - Duration: 7:19.

Kallmann syndrome is an endocrine disorder caused by a decrease in sex hormones, either

testosterone in males or estrogen and progesterone in females.

That decrease leads to a failure to start or complete puberty.

The syndrome is named after Dr. Franz Kallmann, the geneticist who first described it.

Normally, during fetal development there's a region of the brain called the olfactory

placode.

Two groups of neurons emerge from that region.

The first group contains olfactory neurons that eventually help with sensing smells.

These neurons migrate down from the olfactory placode and get embedded in the cribriform

plate, which is a bone plate that separates the nasal cavity from the brain, forming the

olfactory bulb.

The second group contains neurons that release gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

And these neurons migrate through the cribriform plate, and settle in the hypothalamus.

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is a system of hormone signaling between the

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and gonads, either the testes or ovaries, to control sexual

development and reproduction.

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone is released into the hypophyseal portal system, which

is a network of capillaries connecting the hypothalamus to the hypophysis, or pituitary.

When gonadotropin-releasing hormone reaches the pituitary gland, it stimulates cells in

the anterior pituitary, called gonadotrophs, to release gonadotropin hormones, luteinizing

hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone into the blood.

These gonadotropin hormones then stimulate the gonads to produce sex specific hormones.

These are estrogen and progesterone in women and testosterone in men.

Early on in male development, testosterone helps the external sex organs to differentiate

into male genitals and causes the testes to descend from the abdomen into the scrotal

sac.

During puberty, the Leydig cells of the testes respond to the luteinizing hormone by converting

more cholesterol into testosterone.

The high levels of testosterone leads to the development of primary sex characteristics,

like penile and testicular growth.

In addition, the Sertoli cells of the testes respond to follicle-stimulating hormone by

producing more sperm.

Increased testosterone also leads to the development of secondary sex characteristics like growth

of facial and pubic hair, increased height and muscle mass, and a deepening of the voice.

In females, the theca cells respond to luteinizing hormone by producing progesterone and androstenedione.

Then, follicle stimulating hormone causes the granulosa cells to convert the androstenedione

into estrogen.

During puberty, waves of estrogen and progesterone regulate primary sex characteristics, like

monthly changes to the ovary stroma to promote egg maturation and ovulation, and changes

to the uterine wall lining as part of the menstrual cycle.

They also direct secondary sex characteristic development like increased height, growth

of pubic hair and breasts.

In Kallmann syndrome, there's a defect in the migration of the neurons coming out of

the olfactory placode.

That includes the olfactory neurons which can results in hyposmia, which is the reduced

sense of smell, or anosmia which is the complete loss of smell.

It also includes the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone neurons which results in a decrease

in gonadotrophin-releasing hormone.

And that leads to low levels of the gonadotropin hormones, luteinizing and follicle-stimulating

hormones, and low levels of gonadal function.

In males, there's a decrease in testosterone, and in females there's a decrease in progesterone

and estrogen.

The disruption in hormones prevents puberty from beginning or successfully completing.

Because of this, Kallmann syndrome is a type of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism disorder.

In Kallmann syndrome there's an under-development of primary and secondary sex characteristics.

In males, primary sex characteristic dysfunction includes having a small penis and testes,

improper testicular descent, and a low sperm count.

Secondary sex characteristic dysfunction includes a lack of facial hair, low muscle mass, and

not developing a deep voice.

In females, primary sex characteristic dysfunction includes amenorrhea or absence of menstruation,

or oligomenorrhea or irregular menstrual cycle.

Secondary sex characteristic dysfunction includes a lack of breast development and pubic hair.

For both males and females, Kallmann syndrome often leads to infertility.

Other non-reproductive symptoms include osteoporosis or osteopenia because testosterone and estrogen

are protective against bone resorption.

A diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome is made based on identifying low levels of gonadotrophin-releasing

hormone, low gonadotropins (LF and FSH) and sex hormones, with normal levels of other

pituitary hormones.

Genetic tests for known gene mutation associated with Kallmann syndrome can also be done.

And finally, there's usually an abnormal smell test and sperm count as well.

Treatment is focused on hormone therapy which can stimulate puberty and the development

of secondary sex characteristics.

There's also infertility treatments which can make reproduction possible in some cases.

So, to recap: Kallmann syndrome is a type of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism where olfactory

neurons and gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons don't function normally.

The decrease in sex hormones inhibits the development of primary and secondary sex characteristics

during puberty.

For more infomation >> Kallmann syndrome - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology - Duration: 7:19.

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Fuzion Frenzy - Graphics Comparison: Original Xbox vs. Xbox One S - Duration: 1:09.

[XBOX SOUND]

[MUSIC]

[XBOX SOUND]

For more infomation >> Fuzion Frenzy - Graphics Comparison: Original Xbox vs. Xbox One S - Duration: 1:09.

-------------------------------------------

Youth in Development: Empower the next generation of leaders - Duration: 0:51.

Become a Volunteer

Become a Youth In Development Volunteer

(children laughing)

Work with children and teens in your community.

(singing)

Promote engagement and active citizenship.

Educate young people about important topics including

job training

health and HIV/AIDS education

the environment

sports and fitness

information technology

Provide opportunities for at-risk students and facilitate after-school programs.

(cheering)

Help youth develop life skills and discover their passions.

(laughing)

Empower the next generation of leaders.

[Peace Corps Logo]

For more infomation >> Youth in Development: Empower the next generation of leaders - Duration: 0:51.

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North Korea threat 'CRITICAL and IMMINENT': Japan demands US address escalating crisis - Duration: 4:26.

North Korea threat 'CRITICAL and IMMINENT': Japan demands US address escalating crisis

Itsunori Onodera gave the stark warning to his US and South Korean counterparts in talks earlier today.

Mr Onoderas remarks underscored the deep concern in Tokyo after North Korean weapons tests, including test firing missiles over Japan, as Pyongyang seeks to develop a nuclear-tipped missile capable of reaching the mainland US.

His comments broke from more measured language earlier on Monday by US Defence Secretary James Mattis and South Korean Defence Minister Song Young-Moo, as the three men met on the sidelines of a gathering of Asian defence chiefs in the Philippines.

He said: "The threat posed by has grown to the unprecedented, critical and imminent level.  "Therefore, we have to take calibrated and different responses to meet with that level of threat."  .

South Koreas Mr Song also acknowledged North Koreas provocative behaviour is becoming worse and worse, in public remarks before reporters were escorted out of the meeting room.

General Mattis renewed sharp criticism of North Koreas tests, saying they threaten regional and global security".

The US defence minister, who kicked off a week-long trip to the region on Monday, has been eager to emphasise diplomatic efforts to resolve the crisis peacefully as escalating tension between Washington and Pyongyang stoked fears of "armed confrontation".

Asked about his conversation with Mr Onodera after the two met earlier in the day, before joining South Koreas Mr Song, the American said they discussed maintaining stability and peace in support of the diplomats".

Former US president Jimmy Carter has again said he is willing to travel to North Korea on behalf of the Trump administration to help diffuse the situation.

General Mattis has been more cautious in his public remarks than US President Donald Trump, who has been locked in a war of words with North Korean leader Kim Jong-un, threatening to destroy the rogue state to defend the United States and its allies.

Kim has blasted Mr Trump as mentally deranged". The American defence minister is at the start of a week-long trip to Asia and will attend meetings hosted by defence ministers from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in the Philippines.

ASEAN defence ministers, in a joint statement, expressed grave concern over North Koreas nuclear and missile programmes and urged the reclusive country to meet its international obligations and resume communications.

They underscored the need to maintain peace and stability in the region and called for the exercise of self-restraint and the resumption of dialogue to de-escalate tensions in the Korean peninsula".

General Mattis trip, which will include a stop in Thailand, comes before Mr Trumps first visit to Asia next month, including a stop in China.

The President has been pressuring China, North Korea's neighbour and sole ally, to do more to rein in the hermit kingdom's missile and nuclear programmes.

For more infomation >> North Korea threat 'CRITICAL and IMMINENT': Japan demands US address escalating crisis - Duration: 4:26.

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Strike Flea, You're Out! | The Pink Panther (1993) - Duration: 10:24.

PINK PANTHER: Come on, baldy.

Uh, Mr. La Bamba,

uh, just give me a shot.

Look, kid, I told you's,

we got a pitcher.

Or maybe you's never heard of...

Rex Deball.

-(THUMP) -(MAN SCREAMING)

-(CRASHING) -(GROANING)

Of course, we're always on the lookout for fresh talent.

Okay, kid, show us your stuff.

Uh, excuse me.

That's your stuff?

Huh, we've known little kids with stomach flu

who hurl farther than that, eh, Spalding?

Readyo, Rex. (GIGGLES)

Face it, kid,

when you stink,

you stink.

Mr. La Bamba, I really want a spot on the team,

worse than you can imagine.

Hmm, okay.

I got just the job for you's.

(CROWD BOOING)

Well, at least I made the team.

You call that making the team?

Giving our mangy mascot his daily flea dip?

I guess you could say he's a flea agent, eh, Spalding?

(LAUGHS)

Ah, ignore him, dink. He's just a guy who talks to baseballs.

Yikes, oops.

Whoa, whoa.

Whoa, whoa.

Holy Toledo.

Can you do that again?

Only this time with a baseball and not through my hat?

But I don't know how I...

Whoa, yikes.

Oops! Whoa, whoa, whoa.

Whoa!

And it's foul.

I refer, of course,

to the pitching of Rex Deball.

But wait, what's this?

Baldy La Bamba is bringing in a relief pitcher.

Oh, that is a relief in itself.

Rex, you're finished.

Oh, coach.

Okay. Kid, this is your big break.

Let's see some grit, some mental toughness,

some heart.

And then strike the lousy bum out.

Yikes, Oops.

Whoa, whoa, whoa.

Whoa.

ANNOUNCER: Whoa, what a pitch!

Where did the Mutts find this kid?

Oops.

Whoa, whoa, whoa.

Whoa.

(SIZZLING)

You're out.

(CROWD CHEERING)

Whoa, whoa, whoa, whoa.

ANNOUNCER: The score is tied,

a hit by Rex Deball can win it right here.

Uh, here's the pitch.

-You're out. -Struck him out.

Now the pink kid steps up to the plate.

The pitch is on its way.

Yikes! Oh, yeah, yeah.

ANNOUNCER: And the kid connects.

The Pink kid has rallied the Mutts

to their first ever victory.

How about them Mutts?

Steal my glory, will he?

I think not.

Why, Rex Deball, ha ha.

Are you being a poor sport?

Uh, shut up Spalding.

I wasn't talking to you.

ANNOUNCER: Greetings from Mutts Stadium,

where once again the visiting team

is positively powerless

against Pink's prodigious pitching prowess.

Ball, please.

Sure thing, pal.

Whaa!

That does it!

Now we're gonna have to play dirty.

ANNOUNCER: Mutts enter World Series,

pitching superstar

to visit ailing kid fan.

Are you (CHUCKLES) Little Elmo?

PINK PANTHER: Yoo-hoo!

Little Elmo?

Uh, are you... (WHEEZING AND COUGHING)

...the Pink kid?

The one and only, my lad.

Aw! I was hoping for Rex Deball,

but I guess you'll do.

Elmo?

You know the Mutts are in the World Series?

Hey, I may be sick, but I'm not stupid.

Well, I'm gonna win the Series,

and I'm gonna win it for you, Little Elmo.

And that's not all.

You know that special treatment

you need to correct your lisp?

Special treatment?

Well, I'm gonna pay for it.

And here are the doctors now.

Wait, Sing a Song of Sixpence.

See? I'm cured, see?

It's okay, it's a miracle.

No! Ah! No, no.

You think the coach will let me play today?

BALDY: Don't let me down, kid.

It's the final game of the Series

and I can practically taste that trophy.

It tastes like metal

with some writing on it.

Mmm-hmm.

Okay, Dink, time to play ball.

So, that's your secret.

Let's see how you pitch

without that itch.

It's the last game of the World Series folks,

and the Pink kid is pitching for the Mutts.

(CROWD CHEERING)

MAN: We love you, kid.

WOMAN: You are the greatest.

No flea can withstand

the power of flea magnetism.

Right, Spalding?

Huh?

Huh?

ANNOUNCER: Oh, no.

Something's wrong with the kid.

Baldy La Bamba has no choice but to take the kid out

and put Rex Deball in the game.

Your pitching days are over, pal.

You and your mutt are finished.

We've been itching for this moment, right, Rexie?

Rightyo, Spalding.

Itching?

Dink, the flea, it's fled.

You haven't got it, have you?

My flea.

Ah-ha.

Uh-oh.

(CHUCKLES NERVOUSLY)

Kid, get your carcass out there,

you're up next.

Score tied,

bases loaded with two outs.

The Pink kid's pitching has gone the park.

But can he still hit the long ball?

Here's the delivery,

strike one.

Strike two.

Oh, man.

ANNOUNCER: He swings.

Hooky smokes, look at that ball go.

Incredible.

The Muttville Mutts win the World Series.

(CROWD CHEERING)

WOMAN: Oh, oh, my God.

Oh, my God.

Oh.

Well, I guess it's the showers for us, Spalding.

Well, Dink, I may have lost my flea,

but I still swing a mean piece of number.

For more infomation >> Strike Flea, You're Out! | The Pink Panther (1993) - Duration: 10:24.

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To Dig Or Not To Dig... Hunting A Steep Location - Duration: 43:03.

HELLO HUNTERS

I will metal detect a steep location today.

A bottle cap?

First target.

It's a pull tab.

I'm below a path, this is where the trash is coming from...

A piece of foil.

I apologize for the "hair" at the bottom of the screen - it's the wind protection for the cam.

Without it you probably couldn't hear much today.

It's a bullet case.

A small piece of lead.

Could have been a bullet.

Sounds terrible.

It's iron.

I hunted parts of this location before - I could see "signs" of previous detectorists too...

These shoes are terrible. They feel like wellies.

It's a small lead bullet.

I'm turning back, the spot I had in mind was more to the left.

It's just a pattern in the trees, looks like a path, but I won't find it.

It's a musket ball.

It disappeared...

Must have fallen deeper.

It's a coin.

"20 Groszy" Poland (1923).

Made of zinc (unfortunately).

I'm marking it with GPS as find #1.

You can see a dent in the ground, but it's not what I had in mind...

Let's keep investigating, it's a good reference point.

Cool...

It's a (NSDAP) cockade from a political leader's visor cap.

A nice find from the WWII.

#2.

Looks like there is more.

First, second and third target.

All close together.

A coin...

A German "1 Reichpfennig" coin (194x).

Zinc...

A short step to the right...

It's a musket ball.

I have no other choice than to follow the "path" a little bit to the top.

Sounds bad.

A nail.

A coin.

"One U.S. Cent" (1957).

Just foil.

Next piece of foil.

A pull tab.

I'm changing the strategy. That's just garbage from the horizontal path above.

I will try to find another lead at a lower section.

I didn't like the sound.

It's right at the surface.

Another "Wheat Penny" (1951).

#5

Hunting this location is pretty exhausting, but it's so much fun.

I'm back at the small "nest".

Sorry about it, I'm trying to "catch it" with the coil.

Just a tube.

And something underneath.

Foil...

I would say... it was once a button.

I have to go up a little bit.

I have to rule out the possibility of a diagonal path to my "nest".

Foil...

There are some small concave paths, but they were made by animals.

I have chosen the white HF Deus coil today, because it is very light.

Nooo!

Don't hit the train!!!

That was close...

I would have to blame it on a mouse...

An animal was active here...

Was he trying to extract my target?

A tiny lead ball.

A bigger musket ball.

Top from a beer can.

Hmm...

It's a trap!

For metal detectorists...

No, I'm not falling for it twice.

This is my "bottle cap" sign.

Indeed, a bottle cap.

It's a bullet.

Probably relatively modern mount of some sort.

Iron - keep in mind, I'm using a (tone-)DISC value of "3".

This is something else.

Another musket ball.

I'm going up, this time for good.

I'll let the train pass, I don't want to slip and fall on top of it :D.

I will take a look at this spot too.

I forgot my external battery again... The camera stops very soon.

It's a button.

No, I don't like this signal.

But what if... I have to go back.

No.

I couldn't sleep, let's check it out.

This wasn't it.

I can't believe it!

I almost walked away.

I found it before. It looks like "scabbard chape".

It's a piece from the sheath of a sword.

A creature lives inside.

It could be "very old".

Probably made of bronze.

The car was probably nice too.

I've dug worst sounding targets from tiny pieces of foil to a bottle cap...

...this was the only target, where I almost made the decision not to dig.

It's distilled water BTW.

A deep target, close to the last one.

Still nothing...

I can't do it today, I need a shovel for this.

"I'll be back."

"1 Reichspfennig" coin (194x).

Probably something modern.

A pin fire cartridge.

Almost at the surface.

A fibula?

The hamster is happy.

"1 Reichspfennig" (194x).

Another one.

A U.S. "Wheat Penny" (1951).

Another one - from 1957.

"20 Groszy" Poland (1923).

Political leader's visor cap cockade.

Hmm, a fibula?

"Scabbard chape" - a piece from the sheath of a sword.

Just a very inaccurate example :).

Trash...

And treasure.

For more infomation >> To Dig Or Not To Dig... Hunting A Steep Location - Duration: 43:03.

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Trump Admin Could Put Nuclear Bombers On 24-Hour Ready Alert Status - Duration: 3:46.

According to a Defense One report, the United States Air Force is preparing their nuclear

bombers to be on a 24 hour alert system.

Which means that if the President were to order a nuclear strike at any time of day,

these bombers will be ready to go because the Air Force is going to go ahead and prep

them, because they are anticipating the President to ask them to be ready.

As it stands right now, Donald Trump has not officially asked the Air Force to be on 24

hour high alert.

However, officials within the military, military experts, do believe that that request from

the Trump administration will be coming very soon.

So they're going ahead and getting a jump on it, and preparing to be ready 24 hours

a day to drop a nuclear bomb on whoever Donald Trump tells them to go drop a nuclear bomb

on.

It has been decades in the United States since the Air Force has put their nuclear bombers

on a 24 hour alert.

Last time they did it was at the height of the cold war, when it was firmly believed

that a nuclear weapon would be fired at the United States and they wanted to be ready

to retaliate.

At this point, we are not technically necessarily at war with a hostile force who has the capability

of launching any kind of incredibly devastating weapon towards the United States.

What the military is anticipating is that Donald Trump has got an itchy trigger finger,

and he wants to drop some kind of weapon of mass destruction on North Korea or potentially

Iran given his increasingly angry and untruthful statements about the country of Iran.

This is unprecedented here in the United States.

Back when we were on 24 alert last time, there was actually reasonable suspicion to believe

that a nuclear weapon could be launched against the United States and they wanted to be ready.

That doesn't necessarily justify it, but they felt they had enough reason.

Donald Trump and the Air Force are preparing for a nuclear first strike.

That's what's different.

We have not been attacked.

Nobody has officially declared war against the United States.

And as far as we know about North Korea, their weapons probably can't make it over here to

US shores.

But that's not stopping Donald Trump, a man who has repeatedly asked why we don't just

go out and nuke people anymore.

This is a very dangerous step for the United States, and it's sending a signal all around

the world to both our allies and our enemies alike.

That the United States is absolutely ready at a moments notice to go kill a few million

people with an ultra devastating nuclear weapon, because Donald Trump is just that unhinged

of an individual.

For more infomation >> Trump Admin Could Put Nuclear Bombers On 24-Hour Ready Alert Status - Duration: 3:46.

-------------------------------------------

Fmr. DOJ officials: Trump Breaks Custom With Attorney Interviews | The Beat With Ari Melber | MSNBC - Duration: 5:46.

For more infomation >> Fmr. DOJ officials: Trump Breaks Custom With Attorney Interviews | The Beat With Ari Melber | MSNBC - Duration: 5:46.

-------------------------------------------

NFL: Patriots QB Just Pissed Off His Entire Team With What He Did Before Game While Players Were Pro - Duration: 4:41.

Patriots QB Just Pissed Off His Entire Team With What He Did Before Game While Players

Were Protesting.

Just days after NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell stated that he would prefer NFL players to

stand during the national anthem, many players continued their sick protest during week 7.

The entire New Orleans Saints team knelt in unison before the anthem started while Green

Bay Packers players stood arm in arm while the 'Star Spangled Banner' played.

In another game, three Miami Dolphin players stayed in their locker room while the anthem

was sung, and in a different matchup across the country, Los Angeles Chargers offensive

tackle Russell Okung reportedly raised his fist in the air as the anthem played.

Though while there are plenty of reports of these NFL players disrespecting our nation's

heroes, there are some players that won't be apart of this nasty protest.

New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady is one of them and what he was caught doing

yesterday before the game has angered all the race-baiting players who protested that

day.

The NFL protests have been going on for over a year now, and there seems to be no end in

sight.

These anti-American NFL players continue to claim that they are protesting racial inequality

all while cashing million dollar checks and equating NFL team owners to slave owners.

After months of fans voicing their frustration over these disgusting protests, President

Trump entered the fray by stating that players who kneel during the national anthem should

be fired, which in turn ignited the controversy swirling around the players.

Instead, of these racist NFL players ending their obvious publicity stunt to appear politically

relevant, they only ramped up their efforts.

Week after week, more players continue to kneel or raise a single fist in the "Black

Power" salute while the national anthem was played.

But, unlike all those ungrateful players, quarterback Tom Brady is trying to make a

difference by doing the exact opposite.

Yesterday, the New England Patriots played against the Atlanta Falcons, but before the

game began fans in the stand were able to witness what humility looks like.

Tom Brady opted out of his normal pre-game routine and took the time to recognize roughly

200 military men and women that were in attendance with wide receiver Chris Hogan.

Here is more from Independent Journal Review:

The plan to invite the members of the military to the game was reportedly initiated by Patriots

long snapper Joe Cardona, who is also an active member of the U.S. Navy, and special teams

player Matthew Slater, according to 247 Sports.

It was a small gesture, but the message from Brady was clear.

The display is getting some extra attention as it stands in contrast to some NFL players

who continue to kneel or sit during the national anthem in protest of racial injustice.

Polls have shown many Americans find it offensive to use the national anthem as a platform for

any protest.

NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell recently made it clear that the league wants players to

stand for the national anthem, saying in a statement:

"Like many of our fans, we believe that everyone should stand for the National Anthem.

It is an important moment in our game.

We want to honor our flag and our country, and our fans expect that of us.

We also care deeply about our players and respect their opinions and concerns about

critical social issues.

The controversy over the Anthem is a barrier to having honest conversations and making

real progress on the underlying issues.

We need to move past this controversy, and we want to do that together with our players."

However, he later clarified the NFL would not punish players who continued to kneel.

Tom Brady's act of kindness and respect is incredibly refreshing after watching months

of constant disrespect from arrogant NFL players.

It is entirely possible that the players that are still carrying on with their nasty protest

may quit it after seeing that their actions are disgraceful and not welcome at all.

These NFL players have the right to protest but need to pick a better venue that does

not anger the majority of your fan base.

The old adage of "know your audience" applies to this exact situation, and if they

want to keep their public platform, they better start reassessing their protest.

They are more than welcome to kneel, make signs, and lecture people when they are out

of uniform, but when they slip that uniform on, they need to adhere to their bosses rules

and demands.

If they don't like it, well, there's the door.

At any rate, hopefully, they will notice all the positive press Tom Brady is receiving

and finally, begin to back peddle on their nasty protests!

what do you think about this?

Please Share this news and Scroll down to comment below and don't forget to subscribe

top stories today.

For more infomation >> NFL: Patriots QB Just Pissed Off His Entire Team With What He Did Before Game While Players Were Pro - Duration: 4:41.

-------------------------------------------

Politics: Crash Course Sociology #30 - Duration: 10:13.

You're a good citizen, right?

You voted in the last election, or you're looking forward to voting in the future.

You pay your taxes.

You're happy to exercise the full range of your civic responsibilities.

The point is, you might already know all about how your government works.

If you don't, and you're American, well, there's a Crash Course for that.

But even if you're an informed citizen who knows every line of your constitution by heart, that doesn't mean you know why your government works.

For that, we need a different kind of political knowledge.

Civics can tell you how your system works, but sociology can help you understand why.

[Theme Music]

So, what do we mean when we talk about politics?

A civics class can define politics in terms of the particular systems of government, but sociologists have a broader definition:

Politics is the major social institution by which society organizes decision-making and distributes power and resources.

By this definition, politics obviously includes things like the government itself,

but it also includes things outside of it, like political party organizations and lobbying groups, and even social movements.

Voting is a political action, but so is going to a demonstration or calling your representative.

Or boycotting a company whose CEO has ideas that you find disagreeable.

Because, these are all ways of trying to influence societal decision-making and the distribution of power.

That being said, the government does have special importance here, because it's the major formal organization that organizes and regulates politics,

so it's responsible for making decisions for the whole of society.

And it can carry out these decisions, because it has a lot of power,

which our old friend Max Weber defined as the ability to achieve desired ends over the objections of others.

Now, Weber considered a government's power to be coercive power, or power that's backed by the threat of force.

You might not think of your government as a threat, but Weber actually defined a state as the organization that has a monopoly on the legitimate use of violence.

Of course – and thankfully – not every action that a government takes requires an overt use of force.

Under normal circumstances, people respect the political systems at work in their government,

and they tend to view state power as an expression of authority, where state leaders have the right to use legitimate power.

And so, while violence for Weber is always the ultimate last resort of the state, most of the time, it isn't necessary.

Weber also recognized that the power of a political system comes in a variety of forms.

Traditional authority is power that's legitimized by respect for long-standing cultural patterns and beliefs.

It's based on the same idea as the traditional mindset we talked about in episodes 9 & 17,

namely that the world has a basic order to it, and that order must be respected.

Another style of power is known as rational-legal authority, or power legitimized by legally enacted rules and regulations.

This is the power behind the US Constitution, whose written rules determine the entire American political and legal system.

When the Constitution is changed or reinterpreted, the rules change, as with when the Supreme Court ruled that same-sex marriage was legal in 2015, for example.

Finally, we have a kind of wildcard power: charismatic authority, which is power legitimized by the extraordinary personal qualities of a leader.

Jesus of Nazareth leading a new religious movement, or Martin Luther King Jr. leading thousands of people in the civil rights movement

are examples of personalities that mobilized precisely this kind of authority.

But authority that rests entirely on the qualities of one person can be unstable.

So sometimes that power becomes transferred to something outside – separate from – that one charismatic person.

This is called the routinization of charisma, and it's where charismatic authority is transformed into some combination of traditional and/or rational-legal authority.

The founding of the Church after Jesus' death is a good example of this.

Now, just as there are different kinds of authority, so too are there different forms of government.

For instance, democracy – a political system that gives power to the people as a whole – tends to be backed by rational-legal authority.

This isn't terribly surprising, since, in Weber's model, democracy as a form of government and a rational-legal approach to authority both emerged with rationalization and the rise of bureaucracy.

And we can see a certain affinity between democracy and rational-legal authority in the fact that leadership in democracies is linked to office-holding.

So, the power is attached to a legally defined office, not to a particular person.

By contrast, monarchy is a political system in which power is legitimized by traditional authority and held by a single family.

This is maybe most obvious in the feudal European idea of the Divine Right of Kings, in which the monarchs were held to be ordained by God from time immemorial.

And just as democracies are much more common in modern bureaucratic states, monarchies are more common in traditional agrarian societies.

But a certain type of authority doesn't always reside in a specific form of government.

Monarchy, for example, is just one type of authoritarianism, which is any system that denies people participation in their own governance and leaves ruling to the elites.

And while monarchy relies on traditional authority, another variety of authoritarianism, totalitarianism, does not.

Totalitarianism is a centralized political system that extensively regulates people's lives.

And it has some of the same affinities for legal-rational authority that democracy does.

Both are modern systems, for one thing, but it's also much easier to closely control a people through a system of bureaucratic rules.

For example, a totalitarian government might enact a law that, say, every household has to display a picture of the ruler.

It's a small bureaucratic rule with major political implications.

And democracy isn't always associated with legal-rational authority, either.

Take the United States!

The President has power because of the rules set out in the Constitution – which is a form of legal-rational authority –

but the President attains that power by winning an election, which can often rely on charismatic authority.

We can even see traditional authority of a kind at work in the reverence with which the Constitution and the "Founding Fathers" are invoked in political discourse.

Now, the US as an example can move us from what has so far been a pretty theoretical discussion of authority and politics, to seeing how sociology can help us understand what they look like in practice.

To understand power, authority, and politics, we need to understand the political attitudes of a population.

And to do this, we need to talk about the political spectrum, the broad array of beliefs and ideas that make up the politics of a society.

In the US, this ranges from liberal on the left of the spectrum to conservative on the right.

And again, this isn't just a theoretical difference of ideas;

these beliefs shape the distribution of power and resources in the US in some very fundamental ways.

On economic issues, for instance, left-leaning or liberal perspectives often favor government intervention in the economy to help guarantee an equality of outcomes.

Equal pay for women, equitable distribution of wealth among races, and regulations that promote workplace and product safety

are all examples of economic issues that the left is frequently concerned with.

By contrast, conservative or right-leaning perspectives may tend to take a more laissez-faire or "hands off" approach,

in which government regulation is seen as hampering the natural flow of economic activity.

So, that's how the political spectrum can look when it comes to economic matters.

On social issues, one way of understanding the gap between left and right is in terms of the different kinds of authority that each faction tends to support, or endorse.

Here, the right tends to build its arguments on traditional authority, while the left tends to look to legal-rational frameworks.

We can see this in the issue of marriage equality, for example:

The right has often described its opposition as a defense of "traditional marriage,"

while the left has argued that marriage equality was an extension of legal, civil rights.

Now, no matter where your political leanings fall on the spectrum,

in the end they'd be pretty meaningless without some way to give them form in the struggle for things like power and wealth.

That's where political parties come in, as well as interest groups, like political action committees, which organize around particular issues rather than around a whole party platform.

And beyond the formal, institutional politics, there are also social movements that try to mobilize masses of people to further particular political goals.

Black Lives Matter and the Tea Party are both good examples of this.

But lobbying, special interest groups, and social movements all raise difficult questions about how truly democratic the American system is.

Why would you need to demonstrate in the streets if you're supposed to be able to express your political beliefs by voting?

The answer lies in sociological theories of power – that is, the different understandings of how power is distributed in a society.

One common view is known as the pluralist model, which sees power as being very widely distributed.

In this view, politics is a matter of negotiation, but everyone has at least some voice in the process.

This model was closely linked with structural functionalist theory and dominated much of American sociology in the 1950s and early 60s.

In this line of thinking, demonstrations are seen as irrational outbursts, pointless gestures in a political system that already distributes political power fairly.

However, in the power-elite model, political protests make perfect sense.

This view sees political power as being concentrated in the hands of small groups, especially among the very rich.

If this is the case, protests may be the only way for many people to advance their interests and have their voices heard.

Finally, there's the Marxist political economy model, which holds that both of the other two models really miss the point:

Here, power isn't evenly distributed, but it's also not held by a strictly political elite.

Instead, the cause of the imbalance of power is seen as being systemic, and the powerful few are seen as the products of a particular economic system.

So meaningful political change, in this understanding, is only possible through a change in the underlying economic system.

So to understand politics – in the United States or anywhere else – we need to look at all the aspects we've talked about –

the types of authority, the kinds of government, political beliefs, models of power, and how they all relate to each other.

Today we learned about the sociological approach to politics.

We defined politics and power.

We discussed the different types of authority and how they relate to different political systems.

And we looked at American politics in some detail, talking about demographics and political organizations.

Finally, we discussed different sociological theories of power.

Crash Course Sociology is filmed in the Dr. Cheryl C. Kinney Studio in Missoula, MT, and it's made with the help of all of these nice people.

Our animation team is Thought Cafe and Crash Course is made with Adobe Creative Cloud.

If you'd like to keep Crash Course free for everyone, forever, you can support the series at Patreon, a crowdfunding platform that allows you to support the content you love.

Thank you to all of our patrons for making Crash Course possible with their continued support.

For more infomation >> Politics: Crash Course Sociology #30 - Duration: 10:13.

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How I Make Money Online

For more infomation >> How I Make Money Online

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US B-52 nuclear bombers 'on 24-hour ALERT' as North Korea vows to annihilate Trump - Duration: 2:39.

US B-52 nuclear bombers 'on 24-hour ALERT' as North Korea vows to annihilate Trump

Donald Trump and Kim Jong-un have put the globe on the edge of World War 3 after numerous nuclear missile threats. Trump warned the Hermit Kingdom's hierarchy that it faced destruction if it did not abandon its nuclear weapons programme.

But the tubby tyrant has vowed to continue developing missiles, until one has the range to hit New York.

ALERT: The US airforce has readied its top squadrons In response, Trump has placed his B-52 bomber planes on 24-hour alert status, a move not seen since the Cold War ended in 1991.

Air Force chief of staff General David Goldfein said: "This is yet one more step in ensuring that we're prepared.

"I look at it more as not planning for any specific event, but more for the reality of the global situation we find ourselves in and how we ensure we're prepared going forward." General Goldfein added that preparations for the alert order were all under way.

He also said that that the Airforce is being tasked to find ways of using nuclear weapons as a deterrence or even in combat.

He also said: "The world is a dangerous place and we've got folks that are talking openly about use of nuclear weapons.

SEOUL MEN: The US Airforce is showing their power on the border "We've got other players out there who have nuclear capability.

It's never been more important to make sure that we get this mission right." The B-52s were placed on alert for decades when the US was faced with the dangers of the Soviet Union.

The measure comes after two nuclear B1-B bombers were flown over South Korea, to send a message to the despot nation.

For more infomation >> US B-52 nuclear bombers 'on 24-hour ALERT' as North Korea vows to annihilate Trump - Duration: 2:39.

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Gloamwing Pet Battle Guide and Family Fighter Strategies - Duration: 6:40.

Hi!

I'm Hazel, and this is your guide to the Gloamwing pet battle on Argus.

I'm going to start with a quick strat to just beat him for your world quest, then go through

strategies for every single pet family for progress on the Family Fighter achievement.

Gloamwing lives here on Mac'Aree.

His main source of damage is Slicing Wind, which can hit you 1, 2 or 3 times.

Because of that, this fight involves a healthy dose of RNG, with some strategies requiring

more good luck than others.

Bring some pet bandages.

First up, the dependable strategy for doing your world quest.

This will also doubles as the Dragonkin strat.

My first slot is Chrominius with Surge of Power, and the second two slots are my Nexus

and Stormborne Whelplings with Arcane Storm and Mana Surge.

Start with Chrominius, pass and he brings in a whelp.

Use Arcane Storm, then Mana Surge.

He pulls in Whelp 2 and we'll use Mana Surge again.

Void Portal brings back Chrominius, and a Surge of Power should do the job.

Savor that feeling because that's about as good as it gets.

Next, we'll do Aquatic.

Fair warning, aquatic for this just sucks.

Expect to need to try this a fair handful of times in order to get the RNG rolls you

need.

In my first slot is Benax set up with Water Jet, Mudslide and Bubble.

My second slot is a Gulp Froglet with Mudslide and Corpse Explosion.

This will be easier if you have the higher Health breed of Gulp Froglet but I do make

it work with the balance breed here.

Third, a Ghostshell Crab with Grasp, Bubble and Spirit Spikes.

Starting with Benax, pass the turn and the Ghostshell Crab comes out.

Use Spirit Spikes.

In order to win, Gloamwing must do a 2-hit Slicing Wind this turn into those Spirit Spikes.

If he hits you once or three times, start over.

With that achieved, use Bubble.

Next, swap back to Benax.

Void Portal goes off and brings out the Gulp Froglet.

Use Mudslide, then Corpse Explosion.

If you die before you Corpse Explode, start over.

After successfully exploding, bring back Benax.

Use Bubble, then Mudslide, then Water Jet, then pass.

Ghostshell comes back, and he's still got a safety bubble.

Use Grasp, then Bubble, then spam Grasp, win the fight and throw yourself a party.

Next is Critters.

My first slot is a Darkmoon Hatchling with Trample and Predatory Strike.

Second, a chipmunk or squirrel pet with Woodchipper, Adrenaline Rush and Stampede.

Third, a Black or Elwynn Lamb with Chew and Stampede.

The squirrel pet MUST have more health than your lamb.

The Hatchling comes out first, passes and he brings in my chipmunk.

Use Adrenaline Rush, then Woodchipper, then Stampede.

The lamb comes out and we'll use Chew, then Stampede.

If at any point you die before you get one of these listed moves off, start over.

Void Portal kills the lamb and the hatchling comes out.

Use Predatory Strike, then Trample.

That'll show him.

Next is Elemental.

My first pet is a Tiny Snowman with Magic Hat, Call Blizzard and Deep Freeze.

Second is a Crazy Carrot with Ironbark and Blistering Cold.

Third, we've got an Ominous Flame with Scorched Earth and Forboding Curse.

The Snowman goes in first, passes the turn and he pulls in the carrot.

Use Ironbark, then Blistering Cold.

Pass the round and he kills your carrot, pulling in the Ominous Flame.

Use Scorched Earth, then Forboding Curse.

Void Portal brings in the snowman.

Use Call Blizzard, then Deep Freeze, then Magic Hat.

Bit of a bipolar weather situation but hey, it works.

Next is Humanoid.

My first slot is a Grumpling with Gift of Winter's Veil.

Second, I have my Wretched Servant with Nether Blast and Wild Magic, Third, I've got Squirky

with Stampede and Bubble.

Start with the Grumpling, pass and he brings in the Wretched Servant.

Use Nether Blast, then Wild Magic, then pass.

He brings out Squirky.

Use Bubble, then Stampede, then stampede again if you can.

Grumpling comes out and we'll toss a Gift of Winter's Veil.

That does 713 damage so as long as he's got less than that left, we're set.

Next up is Mechanical.

My first pet is a Darkmoon Tonk with Shock and Awe and Ion Cannon.

Second, I've brought a Runeforged Servitor with Jolt, Ironskin and Call Lightning.

Third, we've got Lil Bling with Inflation.

Start with the tonk, pass and he brings in the Servitor.

Use Ironskin, then Call Lightning.

Pass the turn and he brings in Lil Bling.

Use Inflation.

Void Portal pulls in the Tonk.

Use Shock and Awe, followed by Ion Cannon.

On the Runeforged Servitor, one more Jolt wraps it up.

Next, Beast.

My first pet is Moon Moon with Moon Fang.

Second, I'm using a Fel Pup with Fel Immolate and Vengeance.

Third, a Zandalari Anklerender or Kneebiter with Black Claw and Hunting Party.

Start with Moon Moon, pass and he brings in the Fel Pup.

Use Vengeance, then Fel Immolate.

Your Fel Pup needs to live long enough to die to this Void Portal.

The raptor comes in and uses Black Claw, then Hunting Party.

By the time Moon Moon comes back, two Moon Fangs should finish the fight.

Next up is Flying.

In my first slot is a Snowfeather Falcosaur with Falcosaur Swarm and Predatory Strike.

Second is a Spore or Sporebat pet with Spore Shrooms and Creeping Fungus.

Third, we've got Ikky with Black Claw and Flock.

Start with the Snowfeather and use Falcosaur Swarm.

Gloamwing Void Portals and brings out my sporebat.

I'll use Spore Shrooms, then Creeping Fungus, then pass.

Void Portal puts a stop to that, and out comes Ikky.

We'll use Black Claw, then Flock.

Ikky dies, and so does Gloamwing.

If you're a bit short on damage, you do have a round here to Predatory Strike so you should

still be fine.

Next, Magic.

My first slot is an Untethered Wyrmling with Feedback and Deflection, just bring your highest

attack wyrm.

My second two slots are my Empowered and Eldritch Manafiends, both with Surge of Power and arcane

Storm.

Start with the Wyrm and use Deflection, then Feedback twice.

Pass and Void Portal brings in a manafiend.

Use Arcane Storm, then Surge of Power.

Void Portal pulls in the second fiend, and we'll do it again.

Arcane Storm, then Surge of Power.

Boom.

Last is Undead.

My first pet is a Blighted Squirrel with Stampede.

Second is a Fragment of Anger with Spiritfire Bolt and Spirit Spikes.

Third, you can use a Wicked Soul or a Crawling Claw with Curse of Doom and Agony.

Start with the squirrel, pass and the fragment comes in.

Use Spirit Spikes, then Spiritfire Bolt.

Pass, and Void Portal pulls in the Wicked Soul.

Use Curse of Doom, then Agony, then pass.

The Squirrel returns and we'll use Stampede.

That was an unfortune crit but we still get two rounds of Stampeding.

On your last pet, sneeze on him with anything to win and be done with this boss.

So, that's Family Fighter Gloamwing!

He really does make Baneglow look like a cuddly kitten.

Thank you so much for watching.

Check out my other Family Fighter guides and subscribe to see more videos from me!

Let me know what you think, share your own strategies in the comments if you like and

have a wonderful, wonderful day.

Bye!

For more infomation >> Gloamwing Pet Battle Guide and Family Fighter Strategies - Duration: 6:40.

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Skoda Rapid - Duration: 0:51.

For more infomation >> Skoda Rapid - Duration: 0:51.

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Daran Beach | Balochistan | The Deserted Thought - Duration: 0:36.

For more infomation >> Daran Beach | Balochistan | The Deserted Thought - Duration: 0:36.

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typhoon japan 2017 today live news : Typhoon Lan reaches Japan, bringing ferocious winds - Duration: 1:26.

For more infomation >> typhoon japan 2017 today live news : Typhoon Lan reaches Japan, bringing ferocious winds - Duration: 1:26.

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How To Prep NMDs For Paint...

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Kia Stonic : le Crossover urbain haut en couleurs !-Nouvelles De Voitures - Duration: 2:12.

For more infomation >> Kia Stonic : le Crossover urbain haut en couleurs !-Nouvelles De Voitures - Duration: 2:12.

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For more infomation >> Kia Stonic : le Crossover urbain haut en couleurs !-Nouvelles De Voitures - Duration: 2:12.

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Cambio dischi del freno posteriori e pastiglie freni MERCEDES BENZ E W211 TUTORIAL | AUTODOC - Duration: 8:48.

Use a simple screwdriver to take brake caliper spring out

Use a torx №T40

Use a combination spanner №18

Use a torx №T30

Lubricate the brake disc seat with copper spray

Using a special tool press in the brake caliper piston

For more infomation >> Cambio dischi del freno posteriori e pastiglie freni MERCEDES BENZ E W211 TUTORIAL | AUTODOC - Duration: 8:48.

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For more infomation >> Cambio dischi del freno posteriori e pastiglie freni MERCEDES BENZ E W211 TUTORIAL | AUTODOC - Duration: 8:48.

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Edgar Wright's "Hot Fuzz"

For more infomation >> Edgar Wright's "Hot Fuzz"

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LEGO Dimensions is OFFICIALLY dead. No IFs, ANDs, or BUTs. - Duration: 1:06.

Hello, just2good here, and the LEGO Dimensions Twitter

has officially announced that the project is over.

No more new packs will be released for LEGO Dimensions.

Well, there was a story that came out last week on

Eurogamer that the game is cancelled,

but this is straight from the horse's mouth.

I've been prepping you guys for months,

saying that the game is going to die after Wave 9.

I knew it, and honestly, I'm not mad.

The sets had a good run.

I love the variety of minifigures we got.

Sure, it started a bit slow with Year 1 since a lot were just re-releases of existing minifigs,

but Year 2 gave us characters I never thought we'd see in LEGO -

like the Powerpuff Girls, E.T.,

and even Sonic the FRIGGIN' Hedgehog.

However, the game was just... not up to par.

My experience playing the game was filled with glitches and game breaking bugs.

I mean, whenever I tried progressing in the story it would freeze at some point -

because of this, I had no motivation to play it at the risk of having the game freeze

when I get far and don't get to save.

Of course, this was partially my fault for having a Basic Wii U,

but come on, that shouldn't be an excuse on TT Games' part.

Anyways, like I said, it had a good run.

What do you guys think?

Leave your thoughts in the comment below.

I'll see you guys later.

Peace out.

Bye.

For more infomation >> LEGO Dimensions is OFFICIALLY dead. No IFs, ANDs, or BUTs. - Duration: 1:06.

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Citroën Jumper 2.2 HDI 130 pk L3H2 Elek. Pakket, Radio/CD, 4x Uit Voorraad Leverbaar v.a. 199,- p/m - Duration: 0:59.

For more infomation >> Citroën Jumper 2.2 HDI 130 pk L3H2 Elek. Pakket, Radio/CD, 4x Uit Voorraad Leverbaar v.a. 199,- p/m - Duration: 0:59.

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[FTWD] Ofelia Salazar Transformation - Duration: 6:22.

You left so much behind.

I left nothing.

You were everything...

We came here for you.

The violence...

The blood...

You cannot imagine what we saw.

Nor do I want you to.

Your father is still woken by nightmares

We didn't want that life for you.

I understand now.

For more infomation >> [FTWD] Ofelia Salazar Transformation - Duration: 6:22.

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MON SETUP À 0 EURO - Duration: 2:22.

For more infomation >> MON SETUP À 0 EURO - Duration: 2:22.

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Free Instagram Followers - How to get FREE Instagram Followers - HACK INSTAGRAM FOLLOWERS -YOUTUBE - Duration: 10:21.

LIKE,COMMENT,SHARE,SUBSCRIBE

PLS.SUBSCRIBE & CLICK NOTIFICATION BELL..!

LIKE,COMMENT,SHARE,SUBSCRIBE

PLS.SUBSCRIBE & CLICK NOTIFICATION BELL..!

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PLS.SUBSCRIBE & CLICK NOTIFICATION BELL..!

LIKE,COMMENT,SHARE,SUBSCRIBE

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PLS.SUBSCRIBE & CLICK NOTIFICATION BELL..!

LIKE,COMMENT,SHARE,SUBSCRIBE

PLS.SUBSCRIBE & CLICK NOTIFICATION BELL..!

LIKE,COMMENT,SHARE,SUBSCRIBE

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PLS.SUBSCRIBE & CLICK NOTIFICATION BELL..!

For more infomation >> Free Instagram Followers - How to get FREE Instagram Followers - HACK INSTAGRAM FOLLOWERS -YOUTUBE - Duration: 10:21.

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To Dig Or Not To Dig... Hunting A Steep Location - Duration: 43:03.

HELLO HUNTERS

I will metal detect a steep location today.

A bottle cap?

First target.

It's a pull tab.

I'm below a path, this is where the trash is coming from...

A piece of foil.

I apologize for the "hair" at the bottom of the screen - it's the wind protection for the cam.

Without it you probably couldn't hear much today.

It's a bullet case.

A small piece of lead.

Could have been a bullet.

Sounds terrible.

It's iron.

I hunted parts of this location before - I could see "signs" of previous detectorists too...

These shoes are terrible. They feel like wellies.

It's a small lead bullet.

I'm turning back, the spot I had in mind was more to the left.

It's just a pattern in the trees, looks like a path, but I won't find it.

It's a musket ball.

It disappeared...

Must have fallen deeper.

It's a coin.

"20 Groszy" Poland (1923).

Made of zinc (unfortunately).

I'm marking it with GPS as find #1.

You can see a dent in the ground, but it's not what I had in mind...

Let's keep investigating, it's a good reference point.

Cool...

It's a (NSDAP) cockade from a political leader's visor cap.

A nice find from the WWII.

#2.

Looks like there is more.

First, second and third target.

All close together.

A coin...

A German "1 Reichpfennig" coin (194x).

Zinc...

A short step to the right...

It's a musket ball.

I have no other choice than to follow the "path" a little bit to the top.

Sounds bad.

A nail.

A coin.

"One U.S. Cent" (1957).

Just foil.

Next piece of foil.

A pull tab.

I'm changing the strategy. That's just garbage from the horizontal path above.

I will try to find another lead at a lower section.

I didn't like the sound.

It's right at the surface.

Another "Wheat Penny" (1951).

#5

Hunting this location is pretty exhausting, but it's so much fun.

I'm back at the small "nest".

Sorry about it, I'm trying to "catch it" with the coil.

Just a tube.

And something underneath.

Foil...

I would say... it was once a button.

I have to go up a little bit.

I have to rule out the possibility of a diagonal path to my "nest".

Foil...

There are some small concave paths, but they were made by animals.

I have chosen the white HF Deus coil today, because it is very light.

Nooo!

Don't hit the train!!!

That was close...

I would have to blame it on a mouse...

An animal was active here...

Was he trying to extract my target?

A tiny lead ball.

A bigger musket ball.

Top from a beer can.

Hmm...

It's a trap!

For metal detectorists...

No, I'm not falling for it twice.

This is my "bottle cap" sign.

Indeed, a bottle cap.

It's a bullet.

Probably relatively modern mount of some sort.

Iron - keep in mind, I'm using a (tone-)DISC value of "3".

This is something else.

Another musket ball.

I'm going up, this time for good.

I'll let the train pass, I don't want to slip and fall on top of it :D.

I will take a look at this spot too.

I forgot my external battery again... The camera stops very soon.

It's a button.

No, I don't like this signal.

But what if... I have to go back.

No.

I couldn't sleep, let's check it out.

This wasn't it.

I can't believe it!

I almost walked away.

I found it before. It looks like "scabbard chape".

It's a piece from the sheath of a sword.

A creature lives inside.

It could be "very old".

Probably made of bronze.

The car was probably nice too.

I've dug worst sounding targets from tiny pieces of foil to a bottle cap...

...this was the only target, where I almost made the decision not to dig.

It's distilled water BTW.

A deep target, close to the last one.

Still nothing...

I can't do it today, I need a shovel for this.

"I'll be back."

"1 Reichspfennig" coin (194x).

Probably something modern.

A pin fire cartridge.

Almost at the surface.

A fibula?

The hamster is happy.

"1 Reichspfennig" (194x).

Another one.

A U.S. "Wheat Penny" (1951).

Another one - from 1957.

"20 Groszy" Poland (1923).

Political leader's visor cap cockade.

Hmm, a fibula?

"Scabbard chape" - a piece from the sheath of a sword.

Just a very inaccurate example :).

Trash...

And treasure.