G'day fellow travelers! welcome to Astro-biological:!
Have you ever wanted to explore an alien planet or moon? If you're watching this
video and you're anything like me, the answer is HELL YEAH! I think of it all
the time. Astro-biological: is all about
exploring worlds beyond Earth and whether life could exist out there.
There's plenty of life here on earth. This planet is practically crawling with
it. Life is being found tucked away in all kinds of weird places nasty place too!
I'll put more about the creatures that live in these extreme places known
as extremophiles in a future episode but for now check out this one I did don't
laugh I had a go! Now, life does have it pretty good here so it does ok,
getting into all sorts of trouble but did you know there are bunches of other
places in the solar system- our neighbourhood where life could exist? There are
even places where it may have existed! That is a very very cool thing to think
about and explore. I'm going to use some B-grade special effects and homemade
editing to take you to one special place a place a life may exist right now
A place I like to call...Europa!
Now there are a bunch of theories trying to explain how life began.
To this day there is still not really a rock-solid explanation but there's no
shortage of theories. Europa has been the heart's
desire of many an astrobiologist for decades now.
Ever since the Pioneer 10 probe rushed past back in 73 and sent back the first
pictures, it's been a bit of a rock star.
Why? Because it ticks a whole lot of boxes on the "things could live here"
checklist. Let's look at some of these boxes and why they're important. Let's
use the magic of B-grade special effects to actually go to Europa right
now
ah there it is! Wow What I wouldn't give to actually visit it!
Anyways, back to work Ben! First of all one: Europa is now widely believed
Harbor substantial subsurface ocean- of actual honest-to-gosh water! How did we come to
this conclusion? Take a look at the surface of Europa:
It sure is striking! Huge channels and streaks crisscross the moon's frozen
exterior but that seems to be about it. No craters! That's weird!
have you seen pictures of just about any body in the Solar System? They're all
a mess! Craters! Impacts! Things smashing into each
other! The solar system is a violent place! Look at Mercury! Look at the Moon!
Even Earth has giant craters! Just ask the dinosaurs. They knew all about giant impacts.
Now take a look at Callisto. Callisto is part of the Jovian family - and is the most
heavily cratered object in the solar system.
Compare to Europa, Callisto is a teenager with weapons-grade acne!
Back to Europa. Europas surface is geologically new,
having been resurfaced recently- in geological terms. Something's wiping the
slate clean on Europa and this is our first clue that Europa is specia.l Now
something under that icy shell is acting upon the surface and rearranging it and
astrobiologists think that its water: a lot of it. Europa's surface is
basically a shell of ice, rafting and fracturing like pack ice on Earth. Essentially
vast slabs of pack ice remodel the Europan landscape and are thought to be its
version of our plate tectonics. Like continental crust here on earth which
slides around on top of a hot squishy layer of magma, so too do these ice plates also
slide around in a kind of alien continental drift. Checkpoint two. So
it goes like this. Some time ago none other than the venerable Charles Darwin
postulated that life began in a warm little pond somewhere where were the right
combination of mineral salts and energy resulted in the first biomolecule being
created: or words to that effect.
Hello there! Welcome to "Cooking with Life" with your host chef Ben! Say hello Ben!
what do we need to create life? First, to get things started
that's right Chef Ben! Good job! We require an energy source... a lot of water... or "H2O"
and finally we'll need organic compounds and mineral salts. Throw into the pot.
Agitate gently. Ah, good job Ben! Nice work! Stand back watch the events
unfold. Yes Ben we see we understand. Oh dear Oh
Ben, what have you done? Quick! Oh dear! Oh dear!
Cut! Cut! Cut! Oh my god it's out of control!
Oh dear Oh dear somebody help me! Ben come back! What are you doing?
I need you here! It's running rampage! Ben no please come back!
Hello? Well you're not much help then! Good job Ben! Great episode! That's enough of this tomfoolery!
Back to the real work! Now ever since this first speculation was forwarded in a
private letter from Darwin to his friend Joseph walking in 1871 science has placed an
emphasis on water as the likeliest birthplace of life on Earth. Now, Darwin
believed in a warm pond how many other theories have thought bigger,
fingering the ocean as the culprit. Whatever the case might be and whatever
supporting evidence gives testament to it water for now is the one thing that no
life can exist without, and Europa has a lot of it. The deepest point on our
planet lies at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean, a place of the Marianas Trench,
some 12 kilometers below sea level. That's pretty deep to be sure but the
abyssal plains of the world's oceans are on average about four kilometers
beneath the waves. Europas subsurface ocean averages a
cold dark 62 miles down. So where are the minerals then? Patience
Grasshopper! Jupiter pumps out extremely high levels of electromagnetic radiation.
This is of course a constant engineering hurdle for the various visiting
spacecraft over the years. Its accepted family of moons some 67 in total I think I
may be wrong, are constantly immersed in this field which interacts with various
bodies in various ways. Europas magnetic field is no
different, and is an induced magnetic field. this is a special kind of
field produced when an electrical field is passed through some kind of
conductive material. In the case of Europa this material is believed to be an ocean
brimming with conductive mineral salts. Such an ocean would be a vast salty
brew, fulfilling Darwin's business somewhat. Okay then: deep salty oceans. What
of Darwins energy source? Checkpoint three. To try understand this a little more and see
what this means for Europa, but we need to understand that all life requires an
energy source. On earth the vast majority of life is solar powered. No solar
power is not some fandangled idea! Renewable energy has been around
wel,l since before life began. The Sun provides energy, not only for earths
climate and hydrological cycles it also fuels all photosynthesis on earth. Plant
life not only provides food and oxygen different animal and fungal life it also
contributes to the climatic processes. Yes, the Sun is pretty damn important! Well,you
think. So how does any of this relate to Europa? This frozen little moon is a bit
further out from the Sun than warm little earth, at about four hundred and eighty five
million kilometres. No much use for solar power out there I guess! Well it turns out
the life on Earth is not completely depend on the Sun after all! Enter the
hydrothermal vents.
These are exciting and mysterious places, home to a bewildering and diverse array of life forms.
They're found where life seemingly has no business existing, yet there they are!
Miles away from any sunlight, subjected to presses and extremes that would kill us
instantly. Life thrives in a hostile alien world. These ecosystems are
based not on photosynthesis whereby sunlight is converted into a foodsource for
plants, but chemosynthesis. Down here life has found a way, to steal a phrase from
"Jurassic Park" Sorry. Literally bacteria have evolved to survive at hellish
temperatures and pressures around these hydrothermal events, where the water can
reach temperatures of over 350 degrees celsius. With nothing but a rich mineral
brew spewing forth from these vents out onto the ocean floor, these
bacteria have learned to make use of this brew. These bacteria then form the
basis for some of the most intriguing ecosystems on the planet.
Now these vents are actually an oasis of life all alone in the abyssal night. So
does Europa have the capacity for such vents, far beneath the ice? On earth the vents
are geothermally heated. Earth possesses a core of molten iron heated by
slow radioactive decay of elements from the formation of the planet 4.6 billion
years ago. This internal heat eventually reaches the upper mantle of the planet,
seeping through some of the more threadbare region of the earth's crust, but Europa
is heated by Jupiter itself. How so? as the moon orbits the gas giant, tidal
forces act upon it, squeezing and massaging leaving residual
frictional forces, which are believed to sustain a heated core which just like
earth could provide energy to keep systems of hydrothermal vents running
on the abyssal Plains of Europa. So Europa may tick some really
important boxes for the existence of life. Water: definitely check. Minerals and
organic compounds: yep highly likely check, and a source of
heat to power possible life: possibly check. So the only thing now for
us is to visit to get through the icy shell to the ocean beneath, and
we'll be doing that real soon: HOPEFULLY! If you liked this episode and you want to see
more hit that subscribe button! Not only that, hit the little bell next
to it; that will keep you up to date. oh and feel free to give this video a like:
every little bit helps! Well thanks watching astro-biological:
giving you the universe in plain human! See you next time!
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