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Narrator: Our nation was founded
on three original documents:
the Declaration of Independence,
the United States Constitution,
and the Bill of Rights.
These are the words that built America.
In July 1776,
delegates from the 13 original colonies
gathered in Philadelphia to sign a document
that officially gave birth to a new nation.
It declared independence from King George III
and his unjust British rule
and proclaimed an independent republic.
Many gave their lives to defend these words.
What follows is an unabridged reading
of the authentic words of the Founding Fathers.
Man: We hold these truths to be self-evident...
Man 2: ...has excited domestic insurrections ...
Narrator: The Declaration of Independence.
Man 3: ...right of the people to alter or to abolish...
Man 4: These United Colonies ought to be free and independent...
Woman: A tyrant is unfit to be the ruler of a free people.
(speaking English throughout)
(explosion, shouting)
(gunfire)
Narrator: The War of Independence raged on for eight years.
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Victorious in their fight for freedom,
the founders needed to establish the rules
to govern the new nation.
In 1787,
they drafted the blueprint of our democracy
as the supreme law of the land:
The United States Constitution.
We the People of the United States,
in Order to form a more perfect Union,
establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility,
provide for the common defense,
promote the general Welfare,
and secure the Blessings of Liberty
to ourselves and our Posterity,
do ordain and establish this Constitution
for the United States of America.
Narrator: Article I.
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All legislative Powers herein granted
shall be vested in a Congress of the United States,
which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
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The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members
chosen every second Year
by the People of the several States,
and the Electors in each State
shall have the Qualifications requisite
for Electors of the most numerous Branch
of the State Legislature.
No Person shall be a Representative
who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years,
and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States,
and who shall not, when elected,
be an Inhabitant of that State
in which he shall be chosen.
Representatives and direct Taxes
shall be apportioned among the several States
which may be included within this Union,
according to their respective Numbers
which shall be determined
by adding to the whole Number of free Persons,
including those bound to Service for a Term of Years,
and excluding Indians not taxed,
three fifths of all other Persons.
The actual Enumeration shall be made
within three Years after the first Meeting
of the Congress of the United States,
and within every subsequent Term of ten Years,
in such Manner as they shall by Law direct.
The Number of Representatives shall not exceed
one for every thirty Thousand,
but each State shall have at Least one Representative;
and until such enumeration shall be made,
the State of New Hampshire
shall be entitled to choose three,
Massachusetts eight,
Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations one,
Connecticut five,
New-York six,
New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight,
Delaware one, Maryland six,
Virginia ten, North Carolina five,
South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State,
the Executive Authority thereof
shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker
and other Officers;
and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
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The Senate of the United States
shall be composed of two Senators from each State,
chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six Years;
and each Senator shall have one Vote.
Immediately after they shall be assembled
in Consequence of the first Election,
they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes.
The Seats of the Senators of the first Class
shall be vacated at the Expiration
of the second Year,
of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year,
and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year,
so that one third may be chosen every second Year;
and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise,
during the Recess of the Legislature
of any State,
the Executive thereof
may make temporary Appointments
until the next Meeting of the Legislature,
which shall then fill such Vacancies.
No Person shall be a Senator
who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years,
and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States,
and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State
for which he shall be chosen.
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The Vice President of the United States
shall be President of the Senate,
but shall have no Vote,
unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall choose their other Officers,
and also a President pro tempore,
in the Absence of the Vice President,
or when he shall exercise
the Office of President of the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole Power
to try all Impeachments.
When sitting for that Purpose,
they shall be on Oath or Affirmation.
When the President of the United States is tried,
the Chief Justice shall preside:
And no Person shall be convicted
without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.
Judgment in Cases of Impeachment
shall not extend further than to removal from Office,
and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor,
Trust or Profit under the United States:
but the Party convicted
shall nevertheless be liable and subject
to Indictment, Trial,
Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.
The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections
for Senators and Representatives,
shall be prescribed in each State
by the Legislature thereof;
but the Congress may at any time by Law
make or alter such Regulations,
except as to the Places of choosing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year,
and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December,
unless they shall by Law appoint a different Day.
Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections,
Returns and Qualifications of its own Members,
and a Majority of each shall constitute
a Quorum to do Business;
but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day,
and may be authorized to compel
the Attendance of absent Members,
in such Manner, and under such Penalties
as each House may provide.
Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings,
punish its Members for disorderly Behavior,
and, with the Concurrence of two thirds,
expel a Member.
Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings,
and from time to time publish the same,
excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy;
and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House
on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present,
be entered on the Journal.
Neither House, during the Session of Congress,
shall, without the Consent of the other,
adjourn for more than three days,
nor to any other Place than that in which
the two Houses shall be sitting.
The Senators and Representatives
shall receive a Compensation for their Services,
to be ascertained by Law,
and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.
They shall in all Cases, except Treason,
Felony and Breach of the Peace,
be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance
at the Session of their respective Houses,
and in going to and returning from the same;
and for any Speech or Debate in either House,
they shall not be questioned in any other Place.
No Senator or Representative shall,
during the Time for which he was elected,
be appointed to any civil Office
under the Authority of the United States,
which shall have been created,
or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased
during such time;
and no Person holding any Office under the United States,
shall be a Member of either House
during his Continuance in Office.
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All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate
in the House of Representatives;
but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments
as on other Bills.
Every Bill which shall have passed
the House of Representatives
and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law,
be presented to the President of the United States:
If he approve he shall sign it,
but if not he shall return it,
with his Objections to that House
in which it shall have originated,
who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal,
and proceed to reconsider it.
If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that House
shall agree to pass the Bill,
it shall be sent, together with the Objections,
to the other House,
by which it shall likewise be reconsidered,
and if approved by two thirds of that House,
it shall become a Law.
But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses
shall be determined by Yeas and Nays,
and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill
shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively.
If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days,
Sundays excepted,
after it shall have been presented to him,
the Same shall be a Law,
in like Manner as if he had signed it,
unless the Congress by their Adjournment
prevent its Return,
in which Case it shall not be a Law.
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote
to which the Concurrence of the Senate
and House of Representatives may be necessary,
except on a question of Adjournment,
shall be presented to the President of the United States;
and before the Same shall take Effect,
shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him,
shall be repassed by two thirds
of the Senate and House of Representatives,
according to the Rules and Limitations
prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
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The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes,
Duties, Imposts and Excises,
to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense
and general Welfare of the United States;
but all Duties, Imposts and Excises
shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations,
and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization,
and uniform Laws on the subject
of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof,
and of foreign Coin,
and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting
the Securities and current Coin
of the United States;
To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts,
by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors
the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
To define and punish Piracies and Felonies
committed on the high Seas,
and Offenses against the Law of Nations;
To declare War,
grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal,
and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
To raise and support Armies,
but no Appropriation of Money to that Use
shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
To provide and maintain a Navy;
To make Rules for the Government
and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;
To provide for calling forth the Militia
to execute the Laws of the Union,
suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming,
and disciplining, the Militia,
and for governing such Part of them
as may be employed in the Service of the United States,
reserving to the States respectively,
the Appointment of the Officers,
and the Authority of training the Militia
according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive Legislation,
in all Cases whatsoever,
over such District,
not exceeding ten Miles square,
as may, by Cession of particular States,
and the Acceptance of Congress,
become the Seat of the Government of the United States,
and to exercise like Authority
over Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature
of the State in which the Same shall be,
for the Erection of Forts, Magazines,
Arsenals, dock-yards, and other needful Buildings;
And to make all Laws
which shall be necessary and proper
for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers,
and all other Powers vested by this Constitution
in the Government of the United States,
or in any Department or Officer thereof.
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The Migration or Importation of such Persons
as any of the States now existing
shall think proper to admit,
shall not be prohibited by the Congress
prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight,
but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation,
not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus
shall not be suspended,
unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion
the public Safety may require it.
No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law
shall be passed.
No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid,
unless in Proportion to the Census or enumeration herein
before directed to be taken.
No Tax or Duty shall be laid
on Articles exported from any State.
No Preference shall be given
by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue
to the Ports of one State over those of another;
nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State,
be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury,
but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law;
and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures
of all public Money
shall be published from time to time.
No Title of Nobility
shall be granted by the United States:
And no Person holding any Office
of Profit or Trust under them,
shall, without the Consent of the Congress,
accept of any present, Emolument,
Office, or Title, of any kind whatever,
from any King, any Prince,
or foreign State.
No State shall enter into any Treaty,
Alliance, or Confederation;
grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal;
coin Money; emit Bills of Credit;
make anything but gold and silver Coin
a Tender in Payment of Debts;
pass any Bill of Attainder,
ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts,
or grant any Title of Nobility.
No State shall,
without the Consent of the Congress,
lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports,
except what may be absolutely necessary
for executing its inspection Laws:
and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts,
laid by any State on Imports or Exports,
shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States;
and all such Laws shall be subject
to the Revision and Control of the Congress.
No State shall, without the Consent of Congress,
lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops,
or Ships of War in time of Peace,
enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State,
or with a foreign Power, or engage in War,
unless actually invaded,
or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.
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Narrator: Article II.
The executive Power shall be vested,
in a President of the United States of America.
He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years,
and, together with the Vice President,
chosen for the same Term,
be elected, as follows.
Each State shall appoint,
in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct,
a Number of Electors,
equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives
to which the State may be entitled in the Congress:
but no Senator or Representative,
or Person holding an Office of Trust
or Profit under the United States,
shall be appointed an Elector.
The Electors shall meet in their respective States,
and vote by Ballot for two Persons,
of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant
of the same State with themselves.
And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for,
and of the Number of Votes for each;
which List they shall sign and certify,
and transmit sealed
to the Seat of the Government of the United States,
directed to the President of the Senate.
The President of the Senate
shall, in the Presence of the Senate
and House of Representatives,
open all the Certificates,
and the Votes shall then be counted.
The Person having the greatest Number of Votes
shall be the President,
if such Number be a Majority
of the whole Number of Electors appointed;
and if there be more than one
who have such Majority,
and have an equal Number of Votes,
then the House of Representatives
shall immediately choose by Ballot
one of them for President;
and if no Person have a Majority,
then from the five highest on the List
the said House shall in like Manner
choose the President.
But in choosing the President,
the Votes shall be taken by States,
the Representation from each State having one Vote;
A quorum for this Purpose shall consist
of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States,
and a Majority of all the States
shall be necessary to a Choice.
In every Case,
after the Choice of the President,
the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors
shall be the Vice President.
But if there should remain
two or more who have equal Votes,
the Senate shall choose from them by Ballot
the Vice President.
The Congress may determine
the Time of choosing the Electors,
and the Day on which they shall give their Votes;
which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.
No Person except a natural born Citizen,
or a Citizen of the United States,
at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution,
shall be eligible to the Office of President;
neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office
who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years,
and been fourteen Years
a Resident within the United States.
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In Case of the Removal of the President from Office,
or of his Death, Resignation,
or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties
of the said Office,
the Same shall devolve on the Vice President,
and the Congress may by Law
provide for the Case of Removal, Death,
Resignation or Inability,
both of the President and Vice President,
declaring what Officer shall then act as President,
and such Officer shall act accordingly,
until the Disability be removed,
or a President shall be elected.
The President shall, at stated Times,
receive for his Services, a Compensation,
which shall neither be increased nor decreased
during the Period for which he shall have been elected,
and he shall not receive within that Period
any other Emolument from the United States.
Before he enter on the Execution of his Office,
he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:
"I do solemnly swear, or affirm,
"that I will faithfully execute
"the Office of President of the United States,
"and will to the best of my Ability,
"preserve, protect and defend
the Constitution of the United States."
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The President shall be Commander in Chief
of the Army and Navy of the United States
and the Militia of the several States,
when called into the actual Service
of the United States;
he may require the Opinion, in writing,
of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments,
upon any Subject relating to the Duties
of their respective Offices,
and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons
for Offenses against the United States,
except in Cases of Impeachment.
He shall have Power, by and with
the Advice and Consent of the Senate,
to make Treaties, provided two thirds
of the Senators present concur;
and he shall nominate, and by and with
the Advice and Consent of the Senate,
shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls,
Judges of the supreme Court,
and all other Officers of the United States,
whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for,
and which shall be established by Law:
but the Congress may by Law
vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers,
as they think proper,
in the President alone, in the Courts of Law,
or in the Heads of Departments.
The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies
that may happen during the Recess of the Senate,
by granting Commissions which shall expire
at the End of their next Session.
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He shall from time to time
give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union,
and recommend to their Consideration
such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient;
he may, on extraordinary Occasions,
convene both Houses, or either of them,
and in Case of Disagreement between them,
with Respect to the Time of Adjournment,
he may adjourn them
to such Time as he shall think proper;
he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers;
he shall take Care
that the Laws be faithfully executed,
and shall Commission all the Officers
of the United States.
The President, Vice President
and all civil Officers of the United States,
shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for,
and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery,
or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
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Narrator: Article III.
The judicial Power
of the United States,
shall be vested
in one supreme Court,
and in such inferior Courts
as the Congress may from time to time
ordain and establish.
The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts,
shall hold their Offices during good Behavior,
and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services,
a Compensation, which shall not be diminished
during their Continuance in Office.
The judicial Power
shall extend to all Cases,
in Law and Equity,
arising under this Constitution,
the Laws of the United States,
and Treaties made, or which shall be made,
under their Authority;
to all Cases affecting Ambassadors,
other public Ministers and Consuls;
to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;
to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;
to Controversies between two or more States;
between a State and Citizens of another State,
between Citizens of different States,
between Citizens of the same State
claiming Lands under Grants of different States,
and between a State, or the Citizens thereof,
and foreign States,
Citizens or Subjects.
In all Cases affecting Ambassadors,
other public Ministers and Consuls,
and those in which a State shall be Party,
the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction.
In all the other Cases before mentioned,
the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction,
both as to Law and Fact,
with such Exceptions,
and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
The Trial of all Crimes,
except in Cases of Impeachment,
shall be by Jury;
and such Trial shall be held in the State
where the said Crimes shall have been committed;
but when not committed within any State,
the Trial shall be at such Place or Places
as the Congress may by Law have directed.
Treason against the United States,
shall consist only in levying War against them,
or in adhering to their Enemies,
giving them Aid and Comfort.
No Person shall be convicted of Treason
unless on the Testimony
of two Witnesses to the same overt Act,
or on Confession in open Court.
The Congress shall have Power
to declare the Punishment of Treason,
but no Attainder of Treason
shall work Corruption of Blood,
or Forfeiture except during the Life
of the Person attainted.
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Narrator: Article IV.
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Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State
to the public Acts, Records,
and judicial Proceedings of every other State.
And the Congress may by general Laws
prescribe the Manner in which such Acts,
Records and Proceedings shall be proved,
and the Effect thereof.
The Citizens of each State
shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities
of Citizens in the several States.
A Person charged in any State with Treason,
Felony, or other Crime,
who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State,
shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled,
be delivered up, to be removed to the State
having Jurisdiction of the Crime.
No Person held to Service or Labor in one State,
under the Laws thereof, escaping into another,
shall, in Consequence of any Law
or Regulation therein,
be discharged from such Service or Labor,
but shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party
to whom such Service or Labor may be due.
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New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union;
but no new State shall be formed or erected
within the Jurisdiction of any other State;
nor any State be formed
by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States,
without the Consent of the Legislatures
of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
The Congress shall have Power
to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations
respecting the Territory or other Property
belonging to the United States;
and nothing in this Constitution
shall be so construed
as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States,
or of any particular State.
The United States shall guarantee
to every State in this Union
a Republican Form of Government,
and shall protect each of them against Invasion;
and on Application of the Legislature,
or of the Executive,
when the Legislature cannot be convened,
against domestic Violence.
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Narrator: Article V.
The Congress, whenever two thirds
of both Houses shall deem it necessary,
shall propose Amendments to this Constitution,
or, on the Application of the Legislatures
of two thirds of the several States,
shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments,
which, in either Case,
shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes,
as Part of this Constitution,
when ratified by the Legislatures
of three fourths of the several States,
or by Conventions in three fourths thereof,
as the one or the other Mode of Ratification
may be proposed by the Congress;
Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior
to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight
shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses
in the Ninth Section of the first Article;
and that no State, without its Consent,
shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
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Narrator: Article VI.
All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into,
before the Adoption of this Constitution,
shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution,
as under the Confederation.
This Constitution,
and the Laws of the United States
which shall be made in Pursuance thereof;
and all Treaties made, or which shall be made,
under the Authority of the United States,
shall be the supreme Law of the Land;
and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby,
anything in the Constitution or Laws of any State
to the Contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned,
and the Members of the several State Legislatures,
and all executive and judicial Officers,
both of the United States and of the several States,
shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation,
to support this Constitution;
but no religious Test shall ever be required
as a Qualification to any Office
or public Trust under the United States.
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Narrator: Article VII.
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States,
shall be sufficient for the Establishment
of this Constitution between the States
so ratifying the Same.
Narrator: Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent
of the States present the Seventh Day of September
in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty seven
and of the Independence of the United States of America.
In witness whereof we have hereunto
subscribed our names.
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Several states agreed to ratify the Constitution
with the promise that amendments would be added
to prohibit the government's power
and protect individual liberties.
In 1789, the founders passed ten amendments
that granted civil rights to the citizens
of the United States of America:
The Bill of Rights.
Amendment I.
Congress shall make no law respecting
an establishment of religion,
or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;
or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press;
or the right of the people peaceably to assemble,
and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances.
Amendment II.
A well regulated Militia,
being necessary
to the security of a free State,
the right of the people to keep and bear Arms,
shall not be infringed.
Amendment III.
No Soldier shall,
in time of peace be quartered in any house,
without the consent of the Owner,
nor in time of war,
but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
Amendment IV.
The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects,
against unreasonable searches and seizures,
shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue,
but upon probable cause,
supported by Oath or affirmation,
and particularly describing the place to be searched,
and the persons or things to be seized.
Amendment V.
No person shall be held to answer for a capital,
or otherwise infamous crime,
unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury,
except in cases arising in the land or naval forces,
or in the Militia, when in actual service
in time of War or public danger;
nor shall any person
be subject for the same offense
to be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb;
nor shall be compelled in any criminal case
to be a witness against himself,
nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property,
without due process of law;
nor shall private property be taken for public use,
without just compensation.
Amendment VI.
In all criminal prosecutions,
the accused shall enjoy the right
to a speedy and public trial,
by an impartial jury of the State and district
wherein the crime shall have been committed,
which district shall have been previously ascertained by law,
and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation;
to be confronted with the witnesses against him;
to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor,
and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defense.
Amendment VII.
In Suits at common law,
where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars,
the right of trial by jury shall be preserved,
and no fact tried by a jury,
shall be otherwise re-examined
in any Court of the United States,
than according to the rules of the common law.
Amendment VIII.
Excessive bail shall not be required,
nor excessive fines imposed,
nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
Amendment IX.
The enumeration in the Constitution,
of certain rights,
shall not be construed
to deny or disparage others
retained by the people.
Amendment X.
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution,
nor prohibited by it to the States,
are reserved to the States respectively,
or to the people.
Narrator: Since 1795,
the United States Constitution
has been amended seventeen more times.
Additional Amendments include the abolishment of slavery,
and women's right to vote.
For over two centuries,
the United States Constitution
has endured as the world's longest surviving
written charter of government.
As we struggle to meet the challenges of modern society,
this living document
serves as the road map
to guide our nation
into the future.
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