Hello there Internet, I'm so pleased to be here for
a content that is not very common on YouTube, you know history of art, iconography,
understanding images together this is why you're watching an inaugural episode
of a project called the Eye and the Shield, it is dedicated to my
will to explain to others the meaning of pictures, and I'm up to do that thanks to
my researches in history of art researches that are applied to
monumental heritage. You know I have a deep passion for iconography and a
specialization in stained glass windows so I really want to promote it and in
the same time make you realize how captivating such things can be. My name
is François-Rémy Roqueton, I'm a PhD student at the Ecole
Pratique des Hautes Etudes, it's a school in Paris. What I want to do now is sharing a
very interesting case of my subject dealing with coat of arms in the
stained glass windows of churches. Our practical case is about a monument that
I'm used to tour in my hometown, so be welcome in Saint Andrew Cathedral of
Bordeaux, in France obviously and I'm going to tour for you windows of
interest, a serie of characters and scenes that tourists shoot all year long
without understanding a single percent of what they see. But you, I want to offer
you a complete description of these depictations right now so let's discover
together one part of the decoration, it is somewhere in the sanctuary in a
chapel facing north, in a chapel called Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel.
Right, we're on site now thanks to Google Maps Street View I just want you
to locate where it is in order to better understand and recognize it if you go to
watch it by yourself one day. Here is the entrance and on the left you encounter a
chapel whose stained glass stories won't hold any secrets for you anymore.
All right, here we go ! The panels you're seeing right now,
they're from the 19th century, 1857 precisely in a neogothical style. They
were realized by Joseph Villiet, a local artist and glass maker painter. The
program is dedicated to the history of the Virgin Mary and is due to the
generosity of powerful benefactors, most of them are from the parish council
it is an organ composed by the priest and the richest and most powerful parishoniers
that were used to be donors, this is why emblems top each lancet, in order
to show who paid what. The first characters on the left are patriarchs
from the Ancient Testament and, as we move to the right, figures of the
New Testament appear like a chonological progression, from the left to the right.
The presence of such patriarchs is justified by the fact that they are
ancestors of Mary. What are their attributes ? They hold scrolls right ? It's
on purpose, in order to show that they own only a part of the holy truth, only a fragment.
We quite never see them with books that are closed things.
You know, a book is more like an ended purpose, whereas the parchment is
a fragment of something a fragment of truth,
very symbolical to the fact that these prophets heard God but quite indistincly.
As prophets of their time, I mean before the Advent of Christ, they
were inspired by God but indirectly, and not entirely. Later on, in contrast to that, here
characters of the New Testament appear, they hold closed books as a mark of
being imbued by the whole holy truth. The absence of halo for the Ancient Testament
prophets is also sign of preceding the whole holy truth, it is here a process to
delimitate two ranges of characters. Otherwise you can absolutely find... you
know in general iconography, Old Testament heroes with halos, but here
it's not the case. In the first lancet, we see Abraham, the scene of the birth of Mary.
Abraham again in a medallion, above, arms of the family
de Pichon-Longueville, a well-known family based in the surroundings of Bordeaux I recommend
you to visit their magnificent château (in Pauillac (Gironde)) for its impressiveness and for wine tasting.
In the second lancet, arms of the family de Pontac. Here is an example of what we
call in heraldry canting arms. Canting arms, what is this ?
This is a representation of the bearer's name in the crest itself and, indeed the bridge means
pont in french, Pontac sounds like (pont) bridge. Here is the Presentation of the Virgin
Mary into of the temple, here Isaac, son of Abraham, next to it the lancet of
Jacob, the marriage of Mary and Joseph and prophet Jeremiah into a medallion
and the arms of a family that I worship the history, they are named de Grateloup.
The crest is composed by two parts halved vertically, it's another canting arm, here
a rebus that all invites us to smile because "gratte" in French equals to
scratch and "loup" stands for wolf. We know that this couple lived in the street
next door to the cathedral and the man, Jean-Pierre Sylvestre de Grateloup
who is a very well-known doctor, and a very well-known erudite in almost all
natural sciences and his wife Emma Carré de Sainte Gemme.
The next lancet, Judah, even if he wears a yellow cloak and it's not Judas
Iscariot, but the ancient Testament prophet of
the same name, but without an S. Here is the Adoration of the Shepherds, arms of a man,
Jules de Pineau, canting arms again because Pineau
sounds like "pin", it's pinetree (in french), pay attention to canting arms, they're so
numerous in heraldry. Arms of another family,
de la Myre-Mory, here the scene of the Adoration of the Magi. King David how can
we not recognize him ? With his harp and his crown, he is the author of some of
the psalms in the Bible. Solomon ! Solomon... I suggest it is inspired by the famous
Solomon's Judgment (1649) by the great painter Nicolas Poussin, look I shot this close up at
the Louvre and I figured out a resemblance.
Maybe it is some kind of overinterpretation but as a faces connect, we
may think... you know... I personally believe our
artist, Joseph Villiet, maybe he had Poussin's work of art in mind when he
had to draw this character. Look, since the start we have prophets with so long
beards and now we are facing a glabrous Solomon, it is an iconographical custom
in order to show that he accessed the throne at a young age and had a
precocious wisdom. After that, the Presentation of Jesus at the Temple. Arms,
I'm reading these arms for you : "Azure, a cross between four roses all or".
These are the arms of the family Lacroix de Ravignan. Over there, coat of arms of a
family, de Noaillan, the scene of the infant Christ held by Simeon
the God receiver and prophetess Anna. Here you are seeing
Elijah, prophet and miracle worker wearing a coat of ar... not coat of arms... a
coat of camel's hair (chuckles) The upper quatrefoil contains
arms of the canonial chapter of the cathedral.
The saltire cross, maybe you guessed it it is relevant to Saint Andrew's martyrdom he is said to
have told his executioners that he was not worthy to be crucified on the same cross
style as Christ, but you can find another type of Saint Andrew's cross the one with a
longer arm so it can be stuck in the ground. This type is mostly present in
the iconographic tradition that lasts until the 14th century, later on the
X-shaped cross remains. Right, here is prophet Ezekiel followed by The Wedding
at Cana, and a crest that is probably not a mere proper coat of arms but,
thanks to Cardinal Donnet thanks, to a letter from his hand to the artist and
window maker, Joseph Villiet, a letter that he wrote in
1857, we know what means this saltire cross and latin inscription :
"pastor et oves" it's because the donners of this panel were the cathedral's archpriest,
"le père Dudouble", father Dudouble followed by some
parishioners, so literally "the shepherd and his flock", in latin "pastor et oves".
Here initials of the donor, a sir whose name is Maubourguet-Maisonneuve. Here Christ
carrying the cross. Isaiah, Jeremiah, and Descent from the Cross, a crest holding
initials of François Samazeuilh, a man who created an eponymous bank in
Bordeaux, and former hotel Samazeuilh is actually Louis Vuitton's shop in one of
the finest streets you can encounter in Bordeaux : "le Cours de l'Intendance".
Now comes a serie of characters with halos and among them, John the Baptist,
and here, Lamentation of Christ, here initials of Jean-Jacques Pommez, the little
cross pattée below means that he was awarded with the Legion of Honor the
highest French Order of Merit. That was the same for Francois Samazeuilh that we have
previously seen the case. In two quatrefoils, we see the arms of the
town, it testifies a donation from its part.
Here come the grandparents of Christ, Joahim and Anna. Here, the death of Virgin Mary, arms of the family de Brivazac,
a fountain springing from a heart, and just over here, a funeral procession
of the Virgin Mary again. Oh here, yeah, arms of a very interesting person
Mademoiselle Hermine de Bellot, a person who has been miraculously cured
in 1830 when she was just 18. She suffered then tuberculosis and
according to the doctors she was condemned but at the end of a novena,
it means nine days of prayers in order to obtain graces by the action of
worshiping, she was up and around. Even a reputed miracle worker of this time, a
German prince joined the assembly of payers. What a story behind this crest
because after this healing, she devoted her life to good works
so this crest definitely encrypts a powerful memory between Hermine and
the cathedral, the cathedral where we know she secretly went even during her
confinement to bed in order to thank the Lord, the one who saved her because
she knew she will be saved thanks to her deep faith. The question is, did she give
the panel precisely in reference to her recovery ?
because sources say that she fled from her bed to the cathedral just after the
report of the astounded doctor that said she was recovered ! God that is a story I like !
Next to it, arms of Ludovic du Pavillon, he married the
sister of the lady that we have just seen the case, Hermine de Bellot, so, has
brother-in-law it's maybe on purpose that they're nearby.
Here is the Assumption of Mary and here Saint Joseph, I think maybe the donner felt he
had to give the panel of Saint Joseph, because the name of his wife - the wife of
the donner - her name was Josephine. So Saint Joseph
with his main attribute, the staff with lilly blossoms it is from the story of
a marvellous sign, when a husband needed to be found for Mary. Each suitor
was told to hold a dry stick, in all cases nothing happened until it was the
turn of Joseph and he was an unlikely candidate, far older than Mary, but when
he took the staff, lillies sprouted from the tip as a sign of purity and chastness.
All right, this is the final lancet of the panels we are commenting together. Saint
John the apostle, in Occident iconography he is depicted as young and glabrous it's
to narrate the fact at the time he met Christ, he was the youngest of all the
apostles, but he has been old once that's why he can be represented in some
scenes has in the prime of life with a beard, for instance in the scenes of the
island of Patmos, where he wrote the Apocalypse, the fruit of the visions he
had then. But what is he holding there ? A cup with a dragonet or a snake. To
understand such attribute, let's refer to the Golden Legend, the main reference
for hagiography, it tells us the following episode. After the Ascension of
Christ, Saint John evangelized Greece, after making collapse the Temple of
Diana in Ephesus he meets the high priest of the idols
Aristodemus, the later promises to John to convert only if he drinks a
poison and survives to it. To prove it is poison, two prisoners are forced to drink
it and die immediately. Obviously, Saint John drinks it and
survives to it, survives to that malevolent drink.
But the priest... the high priest of the idols refuses to believe it until John
resurrects the corpses of the poisoned prisoners. Okay, right, let's end the
hagiographic purpose with the scene were Saint Simon Stock appears receiving the
scapular from the hands of Virgin Mary, it is from a vision he had. Simon Stock was
an English prior general known for his holy way of life,
he couldn't be forgotten in this iconographic program because the
chapel where the windows are displayed is called Notre-Dame-du-Mont-Carmel,
it alludes to the Carmelite Order of which Simon Stock is the most
important character. This man died about 1265 in Bordeaux and his
relics remained there. The scapular given here belonged initially to the Carmelite
movement it is a sleeveless outer garment falling from the shoulders to
the ankles, you know scapular means shoulder in
Latin "scapula" / scapular, right. It covers the front and the back but not the size
of a body and has an opening in the center for the head. Some monks wear
it as a sign of vocation and devotion and there is another type of
scapular that can be worn by individuals who are not members of a
monastic order, but compared to the original scapular, it is a much smaller
object composed by two wool squares of clothes connected by two strings so that
there is one square that rests on your chest and the other on your back.
The crest here... it shows the initials EJ standing for abbot Emile Gignoux that
was the first vicar general at this time. In the top register, we see arms... arms of the
Cardinal and Archbishop Ferdinand Donnet. He was the donor of the two main roses
and on the left arms of Pope Pius the ninth you have to know that
papal arms are not a mark of donation here you can see hundreds of them that still
exist in iconographic programs of local churches, consider that they show the
reigning Pope contemporary of an artwork production, but never forget that in the
same time, caring about representing papal arms, it expresses a political
allegiance from the part of the Archbishop of the town and here that was
his Eminence Cardinal Ferdinand Donnet, it shows his allegiance to
the Holy Siege and this position of being favorable to the Pope is called ultramontanism.
We have reached the end of this description, the video might be
long but necessary. I could have said many other things but for the length of
the video and for your comfort I preferred to be synthetic, for the ones who
want to know more, you can find the sources in the description below.
I hope my comments satisfied your curiosity and I invite you to watch these
wonders with a fresh eye when you visit us in Bordeaux, the town where I live.
Thank you very much for watching and don't forget to enjoy your day, BYE ;) !
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