The d-day landing of June 6th 1944 ranks as the boldest and most successful
large-scale invasion in military history On June 6th as Operation Overlord went
forward roughly 160,000 Allied troops crossed the English Channel supported by
7,000 ships and boats and landed on the coast of Normandy dot the seaborne
invasion included nearly 5,000 landing in the salt craft 289 escort vessels and
277 mine sweepers they established a beachhead from which the Germans were
unable to dislodge them within 10 days there were half a million troops ashore
and within three weeks there were two million scroll down to read more about
the Normandy invasion or click below to read up on specific topics about the
invasion of Normandy d-day planning involved significant staging operations
of thousands of troops in the first week of May 1944 massive troop movements
occurred throughout Great Britain from England itself as well as Scotland Wales
the Midlands and Northern Ireland regiments divisions and Corps were
assembled in pre invasion staging areas the logistics of planning for moving
hundreds of thousands of men and almost half a million vehicles were enormous
each division went to a designated staging area along England's south coast
the areas were labeled sausages for their elongated shape each was
surrounded by a wire fence patrolled by military police security was tight no
one could get in or out without written permission yet if the troops felt
confined and resented the order against warming fires conditions were tolerable
they ate better than almost anyone in the United Kingdom States eggs pies even
ice cream were abundant the task of feeding so many men was a major chore
and the US Army produced some 4,000 newly trained cooks
to meet the need by one reckoning nearly 175 thousand soldiers were housed
largely under canvas and camouflage netting the staging areas were crammed
with supplies and equipment and there was plenty to do new weapons were issued
to assault troops vehicles and equipment who were waterproofed final organization
and tactics were confirmed the build-up to d-day was undertaken by operation
bolero a logistical efforts of unprecedented
magnitude sailing on now secure sea routes the US Navy and Merchant Marine
took 1,200,000 troops to Britain where hundreds of camps and bases were
established and supplied with everything from chewing gum to bombers Britain's
existing infrastructure was inadequate to support the massive effort so a
thousand locomotives and 20,000 freight cars were shipped from the United States
plus material for hundreds of miles of additional rail lines transatlantic
shipments increased to the points that some 1 million nine hundred thousand
tons of supplies reached Britain in May 1944 alone showing the scale of
logistics the manpower required to meet the needs was enormous less than
one-fourth of the Allied troops in France were in combat units and only
about 20% served as infantryman a four or five to one tail two to three shio
was not unusual in other theatres of war either in mechanized warfare fuel and
oil were essential to success and allied logisticians solved the problem of
adequate petroleum supply they designed and built the pipeline under the ocean
pluto to pump the lifeblood of tanks trucks and all other motor vehicles
directly to Normandy other innovative projects involved prefabricated piers
called mulberries and blocked ships the latter were 28 merchant vessels
intentionally sunk to provide breakwaters for artificial piers leading
to sunken treasures off the coast of Normandy still being found today most
where old worn-out vessels dating from as early as
1919 though a few were 1943 Liberty ships in all 326 cargo ships were
involved including 200 American vessels with thirty six divisions eventually on
the continent the Allies needed 20,000 tons of food fuel ammunition and
equipment everyday in the twenty seven days beginning the 6th of June the
Allies poured massive amounts of men and materiel into Normandy as of the 2nd of
July a million troops representing 25 divisions
13 American 11 British and one Canadian had come ashore they were supported by
566 thousand six hundred and forty-eight tons of supplies and 170 1532 vehicles
even in World War two armies still traveled on their feet America produced
more than 15 million pair of military boots and shoes in 1941 that figure
nearly tripled to almost 41 million the next year and it averaged forty three
point seven million pair per annum through 1945 total wartime production
amounted to one hundred and ninety point two million pairs from July 1940 to July
1945 the United States produced immense quantities of supplies that had to be
distributed to troops or shipped overseas wharfing British production of
British aircraft and gliders they included four thousand ocean-going
landing ships seventy nine thousand landing craft 297 thousand military
aircraft eighty six thousand tanks 120,000 armored vehicles and 2,500,000
trucks
Allied training was a vast endeavor stretching from North America to
southern England firing ranges were at a premium as space was needed for practice
firing weapons from rifles to naval gunnery and anti-aircraft guns
however the emphasis was upon amphibious operations and some facilities have been
in use long before June 1944 perhaps the most notable facility used by the
British Armed Forces was the combined operations training center at Inverrary
on the west coast of Scotland it was established in 1940 originally to
prepare for commando operations but expanded when British amphibious
doctrine shifted from large-scale raids to actual invasion later bases in
southern England included Kolb in sands and Birkhead Bay in the area where the
invasion fleet would assemble the US army set up at least eight training
centres prior to d-day most notably at willecombe Beach Devon sure sea assault
training center because of its topographical similarity to Normandy the
Slapton sands region of the south coast was selected for amphibious rehearsals
leading to the disastrous operation tiger in April
regiments American British German American regiments in the US Army and
infantry regiment was composed of three battalions each with three rifle
companies a headquarters company and a heavy weapons company in early 1944
personnel strength was typically 150 officers and 3,000 men an airborne
regiment consisted of 115 officers in 1950 men by 1944 u.s. armored divisions
had three tank battalions rather than the previous two regiments an armoured
battalion typically possessed 40 officers and 700 men with 53 German
medium tanks and 17 Stewart light tanks the infantry regiments assaulting Utah
and Omaha beaches were first division 16th 18th 26th regiments Omaha 4th
division a12 22nd regiments Utah 29th division 115 116 117 regiments Omaha
airborne infantry regiments descending on Normandy were 82nd division 550 575
hundred and dates three hundred and twenty-fifth glider one hundred and
first division five hundred and first 502 d five hundred and sixth three
hundred and twenty seventh glider British regiments the regimental system
was deeply ingrained in the British Army with some units tracing their lineage
back three hundred years for instance the King's Own Scottish
Borders in the third division had been established in 1689 however owing to
varying overseas service and the inevitable need to mix and match for
specific operations few British regiments fought as such the situation
was further complicated by the fact that many regiments possessed only one or two
battalions consequently a british brigade usually
was of regimental strength with unrelated battalions serving together in
1940 a full-strength british infantry brigade consisted of 75 officers and
2,400 men the following British and Canadian regiments landed on gold sword
and Juno beaches 3rd division 8th Brigade 1st Battalion Suffolk
regiment 1st battalion South Lancashire regiment 2nd battalion East Yorkshire
Regiment 9th Brigade 1st battalion King's Own Scottish Borders 2nd
battalion Lincolnshire regiment 2nd Battalion Royal Ulster rifles 180 fifth
Brigade 1st Battalion Royal Norfolk Regiment 2nd Battalion Royal
Warwickshire regiment 2nd battalion Kings Shropshire light infantry 50th
division 69th Brigade 5th battalion East Yorkshire Regiment 6th and 7th
battalions Green Howard's 150 1st Brigade 6th 8th 9th battalions Durham
light infantry 230 1st Brigade 1st Battalion Dorset XI regiment 1st
battalion Hampshire regiment 2nd battalion Devonshire regiment 3rd
Canadian division 7th brigade Royal Winnipeg rifles
Regina rifle regiment 1st battalion Canadian Scottish regiment 8th brigade
Queen's Own rifles of Canada North Shore New Brunswick regiment low regiment de
la shadi air 9th brigade island light infantry north Nova Scotia Highlanders
Stormont Anderson Glengarry Highlanders 6th Airborne Division 3rd parachute
Brigade 8th and 9th battalions parachute regiment 1st Canadian parachute
battalion 5th parachute Brigade 7th light infantry battalion 12th Yorkshire
battalion 13th Lancashire battalion 6th air landing Brigade 12th battalion
Devonshire regiment 2nd Battalion Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire light
infantry 1st battalion Royal Ulster rifles German
regiments by 1944 the German army fielded several types of infantry and
armored divisions and therefore different types of regiments there were
maneuver regiments and static defensive regiments plus Panzer Panzer Grenadier
mechanised infantry and parachute regiments a representative infantry
regiment at forty five officers and 1,800 men while a panzer regiment
typically had 70 officers in 1,700 men with a battalion of Markov's and a
battalion of panthous Panzer Grenadier regiment smight field 90 officers 3100
men and 525 vehicles the authorized strength of parachute regiments closely
resembled Grenadier units 96 officers and 3100 men however all the foregoing
figures were according to formal tables of organization in reality the German
army fought under strengthened with less equipment than authorized at least from
1942 onward aerial support allied Airborne Division's played a critical
role in securing strategic points prior to d-day on the night of 5 to 6 June
Taylors one hundred and first Airborne Division air assaults it into Normandy
securing Beach exits from st. Martin to put Pavel on D plus one the 506 pushed
southward from Corps level and encountered stiff resistance near Saint
comes ooh Montana the next day the 8th the division engaged in the battle for
Carentan with the 500 and 2d fighting steadily along the causeway over the
next two days on the 11th the 502 d parachute and three hundred and twenty
seventh glider infantry reinforced with elements of the 400 and first pushed the
Germans into the outskirts of Carentan permitting the 506 to occupy the city on
the 12th d plus 6 the inevitable German counter-attacks were repelled over the
next two weeks at which time the Screaming Eagles were relieved by the
83rd in three division in Normandy the division
sustained 4480 casualties including 546 known dead 1907 missing many of whom
later turned up and 2217 wounded overhead the 8th Air Force contributed
1361 for engine heavy bombers to support the landings on June 6th by now
the EU's staff posted 59 bombardment groups and more than 2,800 four-engine
bombers four times the number of a year earlier meanwhile the combined efforts
of the fighter commands of the 8th and 9th Air Force's flew nearly 4,000
fighter sorties on d-day alone these came after 17,000 heavy bomber sorties
and 15,000 fighter sorties during May concurrently over the objections of his
anglo-american Air officers Eisenhower had transferred operational control of
the four engine heavy bomber assets from the combined bomber offensive to shave
during the weeks leading up to Overlord the primary air mission was no longer
strategic but tactical the idea was to isolate the battlefield by destroying
the transportation network leading to northern France as well as the
infrastructure supporting Luftwaffe operations there the plan worked the
battlefield had been isolated overhead the fruits of operation argument and the
combined bomber offensive were also evident the once powerful Luftwaffe was
virtually absent from the skies over Normandy the air superiority over the
invasion beaches which had long been considered the vital prerequisite to
Operation Overlord had been achieved
the Lord remains one of the classic examples of effective strategic
deception allied planners work tirelessly to mislead the Germans about
the intended landing zone attempting to focus their attention on the
pas-de-calais rather than Normandy false radio transmissions from a non-existent
army led by leftenant General George Patton constituted one example of
signals intelligence inserted to conceal the Allies actual troop strength other
means included compromising every German intelligence agent in Britain turning
the enemy spies and forcing them to send misleading reports to their handlers
those efforts were successful by May 1944 Berlin was convinced that the u.s.
army had 79 divisions in Great Britain compared to 52 actually deployed there
these actions were collectively known as operation titanic allied planners
employed subtlety in leaking some schemes to the Germans one example was
the Zeppelin plan which theoretically called for a major offensive from Italy
into the Balkans in the event that Overlord was cancelled or delayed as is
often the case in military planning Zeppelin was modified in May 1944 to
target southern France employing false radio traffic double agents and genuine
requests for information or support from neutral nations
however Zeppelin largely failed to convince German headquarters that the
blow would fall anywhere but the channel coast
among physical deception methods was the creation of thousands of imitation
vehicles and aircraft all located so as to convince the Germans that the
invasion would occur in the pas de calais between them the Royal Engineers
and their American counterparts created tanks trucks artillery and aircraft
which were arrayed in marshalling areas near ports on the east coast of England
rubber decoys could be inflated by compressed air while others were quickly
assembled from wood and canvas a fighter squadron of 24 airplanes could be built
by a platoon of engineers in two weeks including imitation hangars and support
equipment operation Titanic caused widespread confusion among German forces
when Robert armies were dropped throughout Normandy generically named
Rupert the imitation paratroopers added to the uncertainty already established
the night of 5 to 6 June when genuine airborne forces were landed far from
their intended drop zones consequently the defenders had no clear picture of
what the opening moves of overlord would beat d-day landing beaches Gold Beach a
10-mile stretch between Omaha Beach to the western Juneau to the east Gold was
divided into sectors H I J and K with the main landing areas being G green and
red plus king green and red it was one of the largest of the landing beaches
gold was assaulted by the British 50th Northumberland Infantry Division and 47
Royal Marine Commando in the item sector two good sized towns fronting gold Beach
will are Revere and La Hamill but the major objective was era Monch at the
West End selected as the site of one of the mulberry piers meant to improve
allied logistics as soon after the landings as possible Gold Beach was held
by elements of the seven hundred and sixteenth Infantry Division with the 720
sixth and 915 thread Germans deployed north and east of by air
however they included a large proportion of US trappin poles and Russians who had
been conscripted to serve in the vert MACT
a battery of four 155 millimetres guns was sighted about half a mile inland
Juno Beach smallest of the d-day beaches Juno covered two miles between Gold
Beach to the west and sword to the east it's three sectors were designated L M
and n the primary sectors were nan red white and green to the eastern mic red
and white to the west allied planners were concerned about
Arif and reported shells which required a high tide landing at Oh 7:45 later
than the other beaches as it developed the shoals were accumulated banks of
seaweed and probably would have posed little
problem two most landing craft Juneau was the Canadian beach seized by the
third Canadian Infantry Division like gold it was held by elements of the
German seven hundred and sixteenth infantry division 736 three diamond plus
the four hundred and fortieth Aust Eastern battalion composed of Russians
and poles initial resistance was fierce one-third of the landing craft struck
mines and nearly half of the Canadian casualties occurred in the first tower
Omaha Beach Omaha was the most heavily defended of all the beaches its bunkers
fighting positions and Wahb Stickles were intended to repel any Allied
landing though they exacted by far the heaviest toll of the attackers its
defenses delayed movement inland by only several hours Omaha spanned ten statute
miles in seven sectors a b c d e f and g bounded by the divest uri separating
utah beach on the western by gold on the east however the first three sectors
were not used before the landing craft touched sure the area was attacked by
hundreds of bombers mostly b-24 liberators but their bombs fell too far
inland forced to drop through an under cast the Bombers were concerned about
overs that might endanger the naval force offshore consequently no german
defences were damaged and no bomb craters were available to provide cover
for the GIS on the beach omaha was by far the toughest assignment in overlord
inland from the tidal flats with their mines and booby trapped obstacles was a
line of barbed wire and an artificial seawall next came a level grassy plain
between 150 and 300 yards wide also strewn with mines and providing almost
no cover dominating the entire scene was a line of bluffs about 150 feet high
defended by a dozen primary concrete bunkers including concrete casemates 450
75 and 80 8 millimetres artillery there were also innumerable fighting
holes for riflemen and Gunnar's with carefully designed
interlocking fields of fire additionally mortars and artillery
behind the bluffs largely and vulnerable to naval gunfire could cover almost any
part of Omaha Beach American soldiers wading toward Omaha Beach US Army via
Martin ka Morgan Omaha came under the Western Naval task force led by Rear
Admiral Alan G Kirk in direct supervision of the Omaha landings was
Rear Admiral JL Hall the first wave of the 1st and 29th Infantry Division's
scheduled to hit the beach at o63 O in sectors designated west2east doc green
dog white dog red easy green easy red and fox green apart from ferocious
German opposition winds and tidal currents forced most landing craft off
course and only the one hundred and sixteenth infantry of the 29th Infantry
Division landed we're expected the landing sectors mostly lay within the
operating area of the German 350 2d Infantry Division with most of the
landing sectors defended by the nine hundred and sixteenth Regiment plus the
seven hundred and twenty sixth regiment of the seven hundred and sixteenth
division Sword Beach East and most of the landing beaches sword covered three
miles adjacent to Juneau beach with sectors o P Q and R like all the British
or Canadian beaches sword was fronted by vacation homes close to the seawall at
least from some of the houses had been razed to improve the Germans field of
fire while others had been reinforced and turned into makeshift bunkers an
anti-tank ditch had been dumped behind the sea wall but paved city streets lay
beyond some blocked by concrete walls to the east was the Merville battery of
four 75 millimetres guns a target of Allied bombers and the 6th Airborne
Division with in supporting range were 155 millimetres guns at La Habra sword
was assaulted by the British 3rd division with attached units of British
and French commandos plus the 27th armored brigade
the first Special Service Force under Brigadier Lovett was piped to shore by
Lovitz personal bagpiper bill millon h i was a 725 an hour later than at omaha
owing to tidal conditions objectives of the sword assault were important bridges
three and a half miles inland you Tower Beach the westernmost of the beaches
extending some 11 statute miles in four sectors s T u and V running north
northwest to south southeast Utah joined the west end of Omaha Beach in a line
projecting through tidal flats beyond the mouth of the via River Utah was the
last landing area selected for Overlord but its position afforded the u.s. seven
Corps an excellent start at the vital port of Cherbourg only 35 miles away
though lightly defended utah beach post some difficulty in the flooded country
and rough terrain to the north in the direction of Cherbourg commanding the
western task force responsible for landing troops on the american beaches
was Rear Admiral Alan G Kirk the Utah landings were supervised by Rear Admiral
don t moon the greatest difficulty at Utah was the weather and sea conditions
consequently many landing craft offloaded troops some 2,000 yards east
of the intended beaches which caused enormous confusion but presented an
unexpected benefit the actual landing sites were largely undefended Invictus
sector away from lady ins de varville the arrow was unrecognized at first as
three of four Beach control craft struck submerged mines adding to the confusion
at Utah 28 of 32 DD tanks reached the beaches providing much-needed support to
the infantry
d-day statistics see main article statistics Normandy invasion by the
numbers the Normandy invasion consisted of the following five thousand three
hundred and thirty three light ships and landing craft embarking nearly one
hundred and seventy-five thousand men the British and Canadians put 75215
British and Canadian troops ashore Americans fifty-seven thousand five
hundred total one hundred and thirty two thousand seven hundred and fifteen three
thousand four hundred were killed or missing the foregoing figures exclude
approximately twenty thousand Allied airborne troopers d-day casualties the
first u.s. army accounting for the first 24 hours in Normandy tabulated 1465
killed 1928 missing and six thousand six hundred and three wounded the
after-action report of us seven Corps ending the 1st of July
showed 22,000 119 casualties including two thousand eight hundred and eleven
killed five thousand six hundred and sixty-five missing seventy-nine
prisoners and thirteen thousand five hundred and sixty-four wounded including
paratroopers Canadian Forces at Juno Beach sustained 946 casualties of whom
three hundred and thirty-five were listed as killed surprisingly no British
figures were published but Cornelius Ryan cites estimates of 2500 to 3,000
killed wounded and missing including 650 from the 6th Airborne Division German
sources vary between 4,000 and 9,000 d-day casualties on the 6th of June a
range of 125 percent Field Marshal Erwin Rommels report for all of June sighted
killed wounded and missing of some 250,000 men including 28 generals
following d-day military generals and heads of state visited Normandy
following the conclusion of June 6 1944 they were shocked by the sight after an
overnight trip to southern England aboard Winston Churchill's private train
Arnold cuter Marshall Eisenhower Admiral Ernest King and their respective staff
officers departed from Portsmouth Harbor for Normandy early on June 12th as we
left the harbor we passed 30 knots literally hundreds of ships of all kinds
escorted and proceeding singly Army Air Force general HAP Arnold wrote in his
diary such a mass one never saw before uninterrupted and unimpeded as we
approached the coast of France there were literally hundreds anchored
offshore what a field day for the north Vava if there is a Luftwaffe as Arnold
points out a major air assault against the invasion fleet would have been
devastating to the Allies but it never came it was a pivotal missed opportunity
for Hermann göring's Luftwaffe they all realized that d-day was the point in
which the tide had turned like the rest of the world hadn't learned of the
Normandy invasion by listening to the BBC at 7 o'clock on the morning of June
6 1944 though he had been sidelined from the invasion he made quick plans to
influence the Allied invasion of Europe a month after the Normandy invasion
secretly landing at an airstrip near Omaha Beach General George S Patton
entered awaiting Jeep when Army and Navy personnel rushed up to see him Patton
stood and delivered a short impromptu You speech I'm proud to be here to fight
beside you now let's cut the guts out of those Krauts and get the hell on to
Berlin and when we get to Berlin I am going to personally shoot that paper
hanging goddamn son of a bitch just like I would a snake we affected
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