You'd think by now scientists would have learned everything there is to know about one oxygen
and two hydrogen atoms, H2O.
But we learn new things about water all the time.
Really, we do.
Hey there, hydro-friends, Trace here for DNews!
Water is important for… well, every living thing on earth; it is part of every single
cell in our bodies, and all plants and animals need water to survive.
But despite its ubiquity, water is incredibly unique.
It goes from solid to gas in a smaller temperature range than many other compounds.
Plus, when you cool it down into ice, it expands AND becomes less dense than its liquid form.
That doesn't happen with most other substances!
You'd think by now, scientists would have already learned everything there is to know
about this combination of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms — H2O.
But we learn new things about water all the time!
For example, a study in the December 2016 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
showed ice doesn't melt the way you think it does.
Instead of melting all at once, in a sort of continuous process, it goes layer by layer...
The top layer is only 45 nanometers at its thickest, or 1/1000 the thickness of a human
hair, and it stays liquid-like below 0 degrees celsius...which is the reason ice is slippery!
In fact, this new study showed that it's liquid-like even at negative 38 degrees!
That's...slick!
And while this study might be pretty "cool," another 2016 study from the International
Journal of Nanotechnology could be even more awesome.
It found that water might actually have TWO distinct liquid states.
You probably know that all matter exists in one of five states — solid, liquid, gas,
sometimes plasma, and very rarely Bose-Einstein condensate, where the atoms start to act like
waves.
But in this study, researchers found that liquid water actually undergoes a change in
its properties — how it behaves — when it is cooled from 60 degrees celsius to 40
degrees.
They're calling this the "crossover temperature".
In other words, even though water "looks" identical just above and below this temperature
range, it has different properties, and thus, is potentially two distinct types of liquid
water.
When water is cooled, it loses its ability to store electrical energy — also called
its dielectric constant.
Researchers thought that this happened in a linear fashion, but at the crossover temperature,
it gets a kink in this linear line.
This small change impacts other physical properties of the liquid, like the speed of sound in
water and how it conducts heat.
Above 60C, liquid water's chemical properties look more like what we'd associate with
water vapor or steam.
Below that, the properties appear more ice-like.
And although the change is small, it may have a dramatic effect on molecular systems.
The researchers looked at how proteins behave in water at the crossover temperature, and
around the 60 degree mark, certain systems of proteins go from being stable to unstable.
The researchers think that the physical changes in water at this temperature may be impacting
the proteins directly.
With further research, this could help us learn how certain diseases infect us.
The two states of liquid water could also change how we work with microscopic systems,
like nanoparticles, which are sensitive to this crossover temperature.
So, water is still kind of mysterious, and there's probably a lot more to learn about
it.
I mean, only recently have scientists learned how it is even able to conduct electricity,
or the fact that forcing it through tiny tubes changes it's boiling and freezing points.
Even though it's all around us and inside of us, that's no reason to take water for
granted.
We can't do episodes like this without our sponsors.
Thanks to Graze for sponsoring this episode of DNews!
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All of these things we're learning about water are super cool, but what about hard
and soft water?
What's the difference between those?
Check out this video about it, here.
Got any other water related questions?
Ask us in the comments, please subscribe, and come back for more DNews.
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