March 27
1999
Yugoslavia, neighborhood of the city of Novi Sad
approximately at midnight, combat crew of Early Warning Air Defense
has found
unknown object and moving towards Belgrade.
the mark in the screen of the radar was not accurate.
But the first rocket has hit the mark
At dawn it became obvious, the latest American fighter-bomber aircraft, the invisible being of f-117 is brought down
night hawk
The myth about invulnerability of aircraft stealth, has been dispelled
not important, who has brought down
important,
that this invisible being that f-17 brought down by ours
Soviet weapon, former Soviet weapon
Secretary of State Rossiya Igor Ivanov
has officially declared
combat mission
has executed, standing on arms of the Yugoslavian army, Russian antiaircraft guided missile system KUB
known abroad under the export name "Kvadrat"
, it has been created more than 30 years ago
for the American stealth programs
Soviet "Kvadrat" became really black
western journalists have counted,
that price of stealth aircraft
it is equivalent, cost of four and a half tons
pure gold
Antiaircraft missile, hit a night hawk has managed about one thousand times is cheaper
the high efficiency, at
moderate expenses
about it majority armies of the world can only
, to dream. Not casually, on
classifications of NATO, it is antiaircraft the rocket
Kvadrat complex carries the name Gainful,
that means, cost-efficient
and today, we for the first time let's tell about how
it was created
the most profitable air defense weapon
Hawks hunter
Sunday, the first of May, 1960, Washington
At half past twelve a.m.,
in Foggy Bottom , none of the top management the country was not.
duty employee Vainly looked for CIA,
to whom to report emergency
Soviet have destroyed American reconnaissance plane
at 4 o'clock in the morning
in the white house on emergency meeting
has gathered U.S. Government
headed by the president of Eisenhower.
The Soviet antiaircraft rocket
interrupted flight U-2 airplane spy
, managed Francis Gary Powers,
has brought, to review military-political doctrines of superstates
October 20, 1961
Moscow. to the first secretary of the Central Committee of CPSU companion Khrushchev
Top secret
The military leadership of the USA has submitted the new concept of conducting a nuclear warfare for consideration of the U.S. President
strategy of flexible response
according to which, the dosed use of nuclear weapons against armed forces of the opponent is provided
Minister of state security of the USSR Shelepin
in the early sixties
for the first time in time cold war
nuclear weapon of the USA
it has been aimed not on cities of the Soviet Union,
and on USSR army
Protection of arms formations from
air attacks
, became one of the major strategic tasks
It was necessary, in the shortest time
create the essentially new
means
counteractions of aircraft of the opponent
in four years, to these events, in the summer in 1957
, on a polygon Kapustin Jar
the first passed tests mobile surface-to-air missile system
S-75
Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev has asked opinion of military
about the new weapon
suddenly, happened the unexpected
Representatives the top management of the Soviet Army
marshals Biryuzov
Future minister Malinovski's defenses
have sharply acted against adoption of this complex
in their opinion, in to real war, in six hours which were taken by preparation of a complex for fight
there will be no objects for protection
tasks, covers of troops from air,
at that time, it was carried out anti-aircraft artillery
which any more not coped with modern reactive aircraft
attempts to use, just created,
missile systems S-75
and S-125
were it is in advance doomed on a failure
it is antiaircraft the rocket Homeland air defenses complexes
the seventy fifth, hundred twenty the fifth
it is a slow-moving complex
heavy, has big setting-up time
, cable connections
the separate power plants
skirting,
especially on the small
and average ranges of heights, these complexes
Homeland air defense not it was provided
in 1958
the Soviet the government has set the task
develop is urgent the mobile anti-aircraft missile
missile system average range
for skirting of divisions and armies
From designers it was required, to establish all means
target acquisition
in one machine
launching site also had to
be based on to self-propelled installation
June 2, 1958
Moscow. Chairman the state
committee on to the aircraft equipment
To companion Dementiev,
top secret
on the basis resolutions of the Central Committee of CPSU
and council of ministers USSR
of May eighteenth, 1958 years, I order
charge development the army
surface-to-air missile system Kub
Research and Development Establishment instrumentation
Chairman of the military-industrial the commissions, at council of ministers of the USSR Ustinov
the governmental directive
became a bolt from the blue for Research and Development Establishment instrumentation
, which then was engaged in aviation subject
And suddenly, development of the antiaircraft complexes
R&D establishment, possessed the unique experience, creations
the compact
radio-electronic systems.
The well-known scientist was the director of institute Victor Tikhomirov,
being considered as the Godfather father of an aircraft radar
years
it also became, main designer of Kub.
Many main designers,
the engaged development of the land
complexes,
could not imagine,
as it is possible to make, at such small dimensions
with such small weight, such the powerful
antennas, transferring devices.
first air defenses complexes worked on, so
called, command to method.
Trace a radar movement of the purpose, and
director station gave radio commands,
for rockets.
Lack of the similar the scheme was
bulkiness the land
equipment, and big
error targeting
In the course of development Kub complex
has been applied more effective method
controls of rockets. On it, for the first time
in the Soviet Union, have decided to establish
semi-active homing head
semi-active homing head is the tiny radar,
capture and track a target
assumes
, entirely, management rocket
thus from station it is required only
, before start-up give rockets on
seeker
target marking
The rocket was unusual in itself.
its main designer Ivan Toropov
has offered use single-staged solid-fuelled jet thruster
that has allowed to make rocket the small
and easy
meanwhile, it production was
it is interfaced with serious difficulties
Most dangerous moment
of course, it production
solid-fueled engine
Because, gunpowder,
and furthermore, it is gunpowder mix , at the slightest formation of static electricity,
can lead to spark formation
with the unpredictable events
and by the way on the enterprise was
some such accidents
unfortunately big, connected with death of people.
army tests Kub
was going to begin in the first half of 1961.
But, to the appointed term, designers not
were in time
from outside governments
the rigid have followed measures
Directors of R&D establishment instrumentation
three times winner Stalin awards
Victor Tikhomirova remove from post
After it dismiss from office of Ivan Toropov.
In the ministry defenses of the industrial
the question was already raised, about to transfer of a subject
to other institutes
But, the subsequent events will change
decision of the management
1962
On the second of June, to Havana there has arrived the marshal of missile troops
Sergey Biryuzov
At the closed meeting, with Fidel Castro
He has stated opinion head of the USSR Nikita Khrushchev,
about need,
placements in Cuba ballistic missiles.
Nobody knew, how america will react, on
emergence in the coast of the Soviet
nuclear weapon,
but prepared to most to the worst,
At the end of June, especially for
Khrushcheva, have organized display
the perspective air defense weapons.
Among them,
has been provided as prototype
it is antiaircraft the rocket Kub complex
showed it new director
institute instrument making Yury Figurovsky
When the moment has come, viewing
Nikita Khrushchev of ours
complex,
he has been surprised and has begun ask questions.
And when, he has learned that on to one self-propelled installation
target locator, target tracker station, designator are located
it would be very much it is surprised.
Also has asked, who develop such product?
He was told that develops R&D establishment 17 branch, from the city of Zhukovsky
He has answered, well, this product very good
This product is necessary, to move forward
after such support, about change of developers,
there could not be also a speech.
designer detecting station remained Ordalion Rastrov
target seeking device Iosif Akopyan
homing a Yorkshire terrier in Friday for work over
And has headed work on the rocket Andrey Lyapin.
General management
lie with Victor Grishin
years of later, their work it will be noted
Lenin award
The highest award, which could
receive scientists USSR
but then, in the 62nd year it it was necessary difficult.
one, behind another, followed equipment failurers,
malperformance of radar set
And emergency starts
at missile launch
have not opened
locks, with the help which rocket
keeps, on to launching site
on guides
and the rocket could not descend
And under the influence of draft of the engine,
the working engine,
the self-propelled installation
has turned over
together with the rocket
on the tenth of February, 1964 years
there was a preparation next, already the 84th
, since the beginning tests, missile launch
it was necessary to shoot
on the pilotless airplane target.
At the crucial moment, on command station
near specialists of R&D establishment instrumentation
there was a main designer of one of design bureau,
the being engaged
similar subject
at that time, its antiaircraft the complex prepared
to statement in the inventory
Representative the competing design bureau
has joked that could personally to manage
by airplane target and put him on
airfield
Why, materiel equipment spend?
All the same, will miss the mark
But, from the first rocket,
the purpose has been destroyed
The colleague, offering the services, in
quality of the pilot
target airplane,
silently retired.
acquisition
isolated target
at the beginning of 1967, complex
it was ready to statement in the inventory
but before it, Georgy Buckwheat, just
appointed, on a post Minister of Defence
has decided to arrange to complex
official presentation
the occasion, for this purpose, was suitable, prepared
grandiose parade, on Red Square
the devoted
to the fiftieth anniversary of the Soviet power
At this time,
the team arrives
that, for bigger effect
rockets were transported by a nose forward
while along flight,
they had to go
tail forward.
in this case,
there is a danger,
that, at sharp braking
rockets can jump off, come off forward.
Everything, for one night, designers have made
special fixer.
Not giving to rockets, break from a gun carriage.
but then, has arrived
other team.
That rockets went, not only, a nose forward, but would be lifted, thus, on a certain corner.
As if, angle of fire
directed up, ranks of rockets
have made on heads of the USSR and
the foreign , defense attaches
the indelible impression.
right after parade, the first mobile
AD Weapon System of average ranges of BUK
there was officially army accepted
AD Weapon System BUK
target engagement area: on height of 25 m-14 of kilometers, on range of 4-28 kilometers.
probability of kill, one rocket-0.8, setting-up time, from march-8 minutes
Were a part of antiair rocket battery:
self-moving station reconnaissance, targeting.
and four launching sites
transfer time in march in armed position
made, only 5 minutes
Serial enterprise, has been defined
The Ulyanovsk mechanical plant,
to which it was necessary, in the shortest time
equip the Soviet Army
new complex
because of that very much quickly
it was necessary to implement it
have been developed specialists
at our enterprise, our plant, more than 10 thousand names
equipments, stands,
difficult, on those to times.
And in this plan, we
have helped institute,
in formation of their child
on arms of ours countries
Soon to the BUK complex
it was provided opportunity,
confirm the
high characteristics, in real, combat conditions.
December 16, 1969 years
Moscow. To the commander-in-chief of troops of air defense of the USSR, marshal Batitsky
top secret
In connection with the decision politburo of the Central Committee of CPSU
about rendering military technical assistance
to the government of the Arab Republic of Egypt
I ask to prepare, in week time, offers, about completing of divisions of special function,
for the subsequent sending to a combat zone.
Manager of defense department of the Central Committee of CPSU
on the sixth of October, 1973 years
In day of a Judaic holiday of the Doomsday
Arab coalition has begun war against Israel
taken off, for bombings
Egyptian armored columns, Israeli aircraft
has come across terrible fire
unknown of the antiaircraft complexes
the behavior of rockets was unusual
the rocket attacks on aircraft
from above,
at pilots aircraft
it is created impression,
that the rocket has already passed by,
but the rocket does maneuver and from above
defeat opponent
Be protected, from these rockets, using the fulfilled antimissile maneuvers, it was impossible
In the first day, Israelis have lost
about 30 airplanes.
the Israeli pilots began to be afraid, get into the airplane
And they, under big pressing,
got into airplanes
under big pressing
But seeing that on them the rocket flies, or noticing, fixing the start-up moment
, they catapulted
also believed that they will be hit
Soon
The Israeli investigation has found out,
that their airplanes
got off KVADRAT surface-to-air missile systems
the export name was such
Soviet KUB complex. Foreign press
called it, Arab expert, number one
command of the Israeli Air Force
have been forced to stop flights in KVADRATs area of coverage
And on these installations the real hunting has begun
December 9, 1973
Washington, District of Columbia
to the chairman committee on arms of the congress of the USA
top secret
As a result carrying out special operation
Around the Aswan dam
Has been taken and transported to the USA
anti-aircraft missile KVADRAT SA-6 installation of the Soviet production
the Soviet productions
the carried out researches have confirmed that
our electronic warfare are ineffective
against this complex
head of department of C
Defense Department Intelligence Agency
the stunning success Soviet AD Weapon System
during the Arab-Israeli war
has provided to it
improbable popularity abroad
On popularity, not conceded to machine gun Kalashnikov
KVADRAT was delivered in 22 countries of the world
it was necessary urgently train translators,
for training of foreign crew
In the Portuguese language it means
semi-active homing head
target lockon, launch device
in the second half, seventieth years
complexes have sent in Angola,
undergone aggression, from outside REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA
And basis? KVADRAT has confirmed the efficiency
the South African pilots, on modern "mirage"
have been forced, to avoid positions of the Angola air defenses
western countries here have accused the USSR that
KVADRATs are controlled the Soviet crew
actually,
the complex has appeared so simple and
are reliable that it could master even
the yesterday's African peasants
it happened such that this finger
you press this button,
that they remembered order,
it is the first it is the second. Green, red
orange button. Has pressed green, the orange was lit.
Has understood? Got that?
meanwhile, investigating taken in Egypt
complexes
western specialists at last have found, at last, it Achilles' heel
after destruction
the only thing, on all radar battery.
KVADRAT became useless.
it it is simple "haphazard" could not shoot
then, for destructions of a complex,
pilots became apply anti-radar missile Shrike
Approaching object, low-altitude,
then did "nose-up maneuver",
started up Shrike
one or two. And then went to cone above
which has created on height
and round radar locator
Even did not suspect of NATO,
that, in 1969,
in only two years, after KUBs passing into service
development has begun new medium-long range complex
the called Club
it was created, especially for work
in the conditions of the active fire and
electronic countermeasures
also differed from KUB? availability of a radar
on each starting to installation
In what she is a gem?
that that it could independently
perform work and in same time
had opportunity, leave the place,
after performance combat mission to borrow
other position on kilometer, on
half a kilometer
Begin work literally in 15 - 20 seconds
Destroy the battery BUK complexes
extremely difficult
In a case, destructions station reconnaissance
in self-moving turret give out
give out targetings on the basis of information of a radar
moreover, each of it is capable
independently destroy the purposes and
even to direct rockets with firing-load installation
probability of kill one rocket
has risen almost to hundred percent
in 1979 m to year
BUK enter service in the Soviet Army
designers have put
the enormous opportunities, for modernization complex
that has allowed quickly react to new threats
June 13, 1982 years
chairman scientifically the technical
committee General Staff
armed forces of the USSR
top secret
military operations in Lebanon have confirmed
the high efficiency of helicopters
equipped with the modern antitank missiles
In one day, on a highway Beirut-Tripoli,
two helicopters Mi-24 Air Force of Syria
have destroyed 18 units of the Israeli armored vehicles,
in that number, the latest Merkava tanks
chief military the adviser in the Syrian Arab Republic
at the beginning eightieth years,
helicopters were practically are not vulnerable, for antiaircraft missiles
Hanging over the battle field, they it is instant
disappeared from screens radar
Theoretically existed opportunity
recognitions on reflection of a radio beam from the rotating blades.
But, in practice
it worked well only to specialists of R&D establishment instrumentation
as a result numerous experiments,
the modified BUK M1
became the only thing the world it is antiaircraft a missile system
force down hovers helicopters
BUK surface-to-air missile system
target engagement area on height of 15 meters-25 of kilometers, on range 3-42 kilometer, probability of kill one rocket
battery BUK complexes provides impact zone
with the radius of 100 kilometers.
detecting station
continuously scans air space
command station
at the same time process information
on 46 purposes
different classes
We are in laboratory semirealistic simulation
Moscow R&D establishment Agat
It is the rocket simulator
with a semi-active homing head
which manage from the panel
On this panel, I can set parameters and characteristics of any purpose
for example let it there will be an experimental airplane
the executed on the stealth technology
the flying
at the height of 15 meters, with a double speed of sound
though, actually the similar purposes does not exist
but, on to estimates of specialists,
they it is obligatory will appear in the next
years
we press the button start-up,
the homing head starts tracing the purpose,
providing
exact hit rockets.
The purpose imitates
that small, brilliant plateau,
moving on rails
as rocketeers speak,
the purpose is destroyed, expense, one rocket
BUK is capable d only a few minutes
unroll the reliable the antiaircraft
defense
The purpose comes nearer. lock-on
For us there is no difference
what target goes
big sizes or small
from it the radio signal arrives
Rather strong, what to find the purpose and to make on it the decision
Epilog
in 1996
the Finnish government
has announced the tender, on delivery of complexes
the antiaircraft defenses of average range
after a series of tests
with the best world samples
the preference was AD Weapon System BUK is given
1998
its first battery has come on duty
now the Russian rockets protect the sky over Helsinki
this equipment, very much it is competitive
this equipment, with the high fighting characteristics
the reliable
and main thing efficiency. I think, there
specialists understand, why
they
with such activity buy and wish
buy. Today many states
consider Russian AD Weapon System,
as the basic means, the protection
safety and sovereignty. In 2002,
decree president
Russian Federation Vladimir Putin,
leading developer and producer of air defense systems
have been integrated in Almaz-Antej concern.
Its main task,
creation and modernization
complexes the antiaircraft
defenses
On the Russian doctrines "defense 2000"
the modernized complex
buk of m 1 - 2 having shown
absolutely the unique
opportunities
Except, all types helicopters and
airplanes, it it is successful has destroyed warheads
ballistic missiles. Which speed
makes a little thousands of kilometers per hour,
and echoing area
not exceeds the soccerball size
in the twenty first eyelid of buk became
prototype, universal,
the defensive systems of the future
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